Saliva as a Source of Biomarkers for Periodontitis and Periimplantitis

Abstract

Saliva has the potential to be used as a diagnostic and monitoring tool for various diseases if biomarkers of an adequate sensitivity and specificity could be identified. Several reviews and even meta-analyses have been performed in recent years, which have found some candidate biomarkers for periodontitis, like macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha, interleukin-1ß, interleukin-6, matrix metalloproteinase-8, or hemoglobin. However, none of those are currently in use to replace conventional periodontal diagnostics with a periodontal probe. For periimplantitis, to date, heterogeneity of different study protocols and implant types did not permit to discover clear biomarkers, which were able to distinguish between healthy and diseased implants. Few proinflammatory cytokines, similar to periodontitis, have been characterized as adjunct tools to clinical diagnosis. The additional determination of antimicrobial peptides, bone turnover markers, and bacteria could help to enhance sensitivity and specificity in a combined model for periodontitis and periimplantitis. Furthermore, proteomic approaches might be preferred over single biomarker determinations. A global consensus is also needed to harmonize salivary sampling methods as well as procedures of biomarker analysis to ensure future comparability.

Salivary Biomarkers in Periodontitis Post Scaling and Root Planing

“…We observed a positive correlation between periodontal markers (MGI, PPD, and CAL) and salivary arginase in groups II and III on day 0 and day 90 ( Table 3 and Table 4 ). Similar results were obtained by Haririan et al who found an improvement in clinical parameters with a reduction in salivary arginase levels following non-surgical periodontal treatment [ 26 ]. The subsequent reduction in levels of salivary arginase indicates that arginase levels are directly related to periodontal health status.…”

Salivary E‐cadherin as a biomarker for diagnosis and predicting grade of periodontitis

“…Since the late 1980s, interest in using biomarkers to diagnose and monitor periodontal disease has shown a remarkable increase 28 . Researches in this field have reached a milestone with recognition of several biomarkers with high diagnostic accuracies such as aMMP‐8 which is currently available as a commercial point‐of‐care product.…”

Could Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines Levels IL-6, IL-8, TNFα, Total Antioxidant Status and Lactate Dehydrogenase Be Associated with Peri-Implant Bone Loss? A Pilot Study

“…Lately, saliva has become the focus as a noninvasive diagnostic fluid for oral and systemic diseases, due to its great accessibility and its non-invasive, easy and low-cost collection [19]. Many inflammatory mediators associated with peri-implant mucositis and periimplantitis, such as IL-6, IL-8, MMP-8 (matrix metalloproteinase 8), IL-1β and TNF-α, have been identified as potential biomarkers [35].…”

“…There are several studies investigating the salivary concentration of cytokines in the cases of periimplantitis [5,18,19]. However, studies predicting disease, mainly marginal bone loss (MBL), an essential component of prevention, are scarce.…”