Saliva as a Potential Diagnostic Tool to Evaluate Relationship between Oral Microbiome and Potentially Malignant Disorders for Prevention of Malignant Transformation

Kushwaha, Sandhya Singh; Multani, Rupinder Kaur; Kushwaha, Narendra Singh; Jindal, Deepti Garg; Arora, Karandeep Singh; Avasthi, Avijit

doi:10.31557/apjcp.2021.22.1.125

Cited by 5 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Recently, different studies report that tobacco smoke alters the structure of the oral microbiome and shifts it to dysbiosis. The composition of the oral bacterial and fungal species in the saliva changes, and therefore changes occur which alter the cell and tissue re-modeling, the suppression of apoptosis, and the secretion of carcinogenic toxins [29][30][31] . However, the reason for the emergence of OSCC in NSNDs is still largely unknown.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Semi-quantitative assessment of environmental tobacco smoke exposure and its association with the development of oral squamous cell carcinoma: A pilot study

Wolfer¹,

Schliephake²,

Asendorf³

et al. 2023

Tob. Induc. Dis.

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INTRODUCTION Two known major risk factors for oral squamous cell carcinoma are smoking and alcohol consumption. Environmental tobacco smoke (also known as secondhand smoke) has been proven to be associated with the occurrence of lung and breast carcinoma. This study aimed to assess exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and its association with the development of oral squamous cell carcinomas. METHODS Using a standardized questionnaire, 165 cases and 167 controls were asked about their demographic data and risk behaviors, including environmental tobacco smoke exposure. An environmental tobacco smoke score (ETS-score) was developed to semi-quantitatively record the previous exposure to ETS. Statistical analyses were performed with χ 2 test or Fishers exact test, and with ANOVA or Welch's t-test as appropriate. An analysis was done using multiple logistic regression. RESULTS Cases had a significantly increased previous exposure to environmental tobacco smoke compared to the controls (ETS-score: 36.69 ± 26.34 vs 13.92 ± 12.44; p<0.0001). Comparing only the groups without additional active risk factors, exposure to environmental tobacco smoke was associated with a more than threefold higher likelihood of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OR=3.47; 95% CI: 1.31-10.55). Statistically significant differences in ETS-score were found for different tumor locations (p=0.0012) and different histopathological gradings (p=0.0399). A multiple logistic regression analysis confirmed exposure to environmental tobacco smoke as an independent risk factor for the development of oral squamous cell carcinomas (p<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Environmental tobacco smoke is an important but yet underestimated risk factor for the development of oral squamous cell carcinomas. Further studies are needed to confirm the results, including the usefulness of the developed environmental tobacco smoke score for exposure.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Semi-quantitative assessment of environmental tobacco smoke exposure and its association with the development of oral squamous cell carcinoma: A pilot study

Wolfer¹,

Schliephake²,

Asendorf³

et al. 2023

Tob. Induc. Dis.

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“…Despite the similarities between the core microbial composition within the oral cavities, the type of species may vary depending on diet and nutrition, genetic susceptibility, antibiotic usage, hormonal factors, tobacco and alcohol exposure, and recurrent pathogenic infections of the host ( 4 ). This disturbance to the equilibrium results in oral dysbiosis altering oral and systemic health through several pathophysiological processes linked to disease ( 5 ). Dysbiosis has reportedly been involved in oral diseases such as periodontitis, gingivitis, and oral cancer ( 6 – 8 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of different forms of tobacco on the oral microbiome in healthy adults: a systematic review

Senaratne,

Yung on,

Shetty

et al. 2024

Front. Oral. Health

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ObjectiveThe study aimed to evaluate the impact of tobacco use on the composition and functions of the oral microbiome in healthy adult humans.MethodsWe conducted a systematic search on PubMed, Web of Science, and Cinhal databases for literature published until 15 December 2023, to identify studies that have evaluated the oral microbiome with culture-independent next-generation techniques comparing the oral microbiome of tobacco users and non-users. The search followed the PECO format. The outcomes included changes in microbial diversity and abundance of microbial taxa. The quality assessment was performed using the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale (NOS) (PROSPERO ID CRD42022340151).ResultsOut of 2,435 articles screened, 36 articles satisfied the eligibility criteria and were selected for full-text review. Despite differences in design, quality, and population characteristics, most studies reported an increase in bacterial diversity and richness in tobacco users. The most notable bacterial taxa enriched in users were Fusobacteria and Actinobacteria at the phylum level and Streptococcus, Prevotella, and Veillonella at the genus level. At the functional level, more similarities could be noted; amino acid metabolism and xenobiotic biodegradation pathways were increased in tobacco users compared to non-users. Most of the studies were of good quality on the NOS scale.ConclusionTobacco smoking influences oral microbial community harmony, and it shows a definitive shift towards a proinflammatory milieu. Heterogeneities were detected due to sampling and other methodological differences, emphasizing the need for greater quality research using standardized methods and reporting.Systematic Review RegistrationCRD42022340151.

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“…Any disturbance to their equilibrium results in oral dysbiosis, altering oral and systemic health through several pathophysiological processes linked to disease. Dysbiosis has been implicated in oral cavity diseases such as gingivitis, periodontitis, and oral cancer (6,7).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of waterpipe smoking on the salivary microbiome

Senaratne,

Chong,

Yong

et al. 2023

Front. Oral. Health

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BackgroundWhile oral mirobial dysbiosis due to tobacco smoking has been studied thoroughly, there is limited data on the effect of waterpipe smoking on the oral microbiome. This study aims to compare the salivary microbiome between waterpipe smokers and non-smokers.Materials and methodsUnstimulated saliva samples were collected from 60 participants, 30 smokers and 30 non-smokers in Kuala Lumpur and Klang Valley, Malaysia. DNA extraction was performed using the Qiagen DNA mini kit, and the 16S rRNA bacterial gene was amplified and sequenced using the Illumina MiSeq platform. Sequencing reads were processed using DADA2, and the alpha and beta diversity of the bacterial community was assessed. Significantly differentiated taxa were identified using LEfSe analysis, while differentially expressed pathways were identified using MaAsLin2.ResultsA significant compositional change (beta diversity) was detected between the two groups (PERMANOVA P < 0.05). Specifically, the levels of phylum Firmicutes and genus Streptococcus were elevated in smokers, whereas phylum Proteobacteria and genus Haemophilus were depleted compared to non-smokers. At the species level, Streptococcus oralis, Streptococcus salivarius, and Streptococcus gingivalis were enriched in smokers. We observed significant differences in the abundance of thirty-seven microbial metabolic pathways between waterpipe smokers and non-smokers. The microbial pathways enriched in smokers were those implicated in polymer degradation and amino acid metabolism.ConclusionThe taxonomic and metabolic profile of the salivary microbiome in waterpipe smokers compared to healthy controls exhibited a paradigm shift, thus, implying an alteration in the homeostatic balance of the oral cavity posing unique challenges for oral health.

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Saliva as a Potential Diagnostic Tool to Evaluate Relationship between Oral Microbiome and Potentially Malignant Disorders for Prevention of Malignant Transformation

Cited by 5 publications

References 11 publications

Semi-quantitative assessment of environmental tobacco smoke exposure and its association with the development of oral squamous cell carcinoma: A pilot study

Semi-quantitative assessment of environmental tobacco smoke exposure and its association with the development of oral squamous cell carcinoma: A pilot study

Effect of different forms of tobacco on the oral microbiome in healthy adults: a systematic review

Impact of waterpipe smoking on the salivary microbiome

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