Saliva and Gingival Crevicular Fluid (GCF) Collection for Biomarker Screening

Papagerakis, Pétros; Zheng, Li; Kim, Doohak; Said, Raed; Ehlert, Amber A; Chung, Kevin K M; Papagerakis, Silvana

doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-9012-2_41

Cited by 27 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…In addition, this study may be among the first to describe the presence of this organism in non-traditional oral sites and locations, such as the biofilm on the dorsum of the tongue and GCF, which have not been oral sites or locations associated with the most prevalent cariogenic- and supragingival biofilm-associated organisms, such as Lactobacillus spp. and S. mutans [ 32 , 33 , 34 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular Screening and Analysis Reveal Novel Oral Site-Specific Locations for the Cariogenic Pathogen Scardovia wiggsiae

McDaniel

Howard

et al. 2021

Dentistry Journal

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Introduction: Scardovia wiggsiae (SW) is a newly identified cariogenic pathogen associated with severe early childhood caries and oral disease. New studies have confirmed the presence of this organism among clinical samples from both pediatric and adult patients. However, the recent discovery of this organism has left researchers with only limited information available regarding the prevalence of this organism—and virtually no information regarding oral site-specific locations. Based upon this lack of information, the overall objective of this study was to perform an oral site-specific analysis of SW prevalence from clinical samples. Methods: Using an approved human subjects protocol, samples (n = 60) from an existing saliva and site-specific biorepository were identified and screened for SW presence using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). These data were summarized and subsequently analyzed for correlations with demographic (age, sex, race or ethnicity) or clinical (body mass index or BMI, primary/mixed/permanent dentition, orthodontic brackets) variables. Results: These data revealed that average DNA concentrations from all sample sites (saliva, dorsum of tongue, gingival crevicular fluid (GCF), biofilm of upper buccal molar, and biofilm of lower lingual incisor) ranged between 13.74 and 14.69 μg/μL, with an overall average of 14.30 μg/μL ± 1.12 (standard error or SE). qPCR screening revealed a total of n = 34/60 or 56.7% of patient samples harboring SW. A total of n = 71/170 specific oral sites harbored this organism, with the majority of the SW-positive participant samples harboring SW at more than one oral site, n = 22/34 or 64.7%, including non-traditional sites such as GCF and the dorsum of the tongue. Weak correlations were found between specific SW outcomes in GCF and type of dentition (permanent; R = 0.2444), as well as SW outcomes in saliva with age (R = 0.228) and presence of orthodontic brackets (R = 0.2118). Conclusions: This study may be among the first to provide oral site-specific analysis to reveal the prevalence and location of Scardovia among clinical patient samples. Moreover, these data also provide some of the first evidence to suggest this organism may be present not only in traditional supragingival tooth-associated biofilm sites, but also in non-traditional oral sites including the dorsum of the tongue and the gingival crevice. Based upon these results, these data may represent a significant advance in our understanding of the potential sites and locations that harbor this organism and may help contribute to our understanding of the prevalence, distribution and potential for the development of oral disease among clinic patients.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular Screening and Analysis Reveal Novel Oral Site-Specific Locations for the Cariogenic Pathogen Scardovia wiggsiae

McDaniel

Howard

et al. 2021

Dentistry Journal

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“…There are many advantages of using biofluids, such as saliva and GCF. 18,19 The sample collection is fast, easy, inexpensive, non-invasive, and easy to store and ship. Furthermore, biomarkers in saliva and GCF can reflect the current physiological state of an individual.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this study, saliva and GCF were used as the sample source for assessment. There are many advantages of using biofluids, such as saliva and GCF 18,19 . The sample collection is fast, easy, inexpensive, non‐invasive, and easy to store and ship.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inflammatory biomarkers and growth factors in saliva and gingival crevicular fluid of e‐cigarette users, cigarette smokers, and dual smokers: A pilot study

Gajendra

Lawyer

et al. 2020

Journal of Periodontology

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Background: Cigarette smoking remains one of the leading public health threats worldwide. Electronic cigarettes (e-cigs) provide an alternative to conventional cigarette smoking; however, the evidence base of risks and benefits of e-cig use is new and growing. In this cross-sectional pilot study, the effect of e-cig use on biological profiles in saliva and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) was assessed and compared with the profiles of cigarette smokers (CS), dual users, and non-users. The systemic inflammatory mediators between e-cig users (EC) and these other groups were also assessed. Methods: This pilot cross-sectional study recruited volunteer participants consisting of four groups, non-smokers (NS), CS, EC, and dual EC and cigarette smokers (DS). Saliva and GCF samples were collected and analyzed for biomarkers of inflammation, oxidative stress, anti-inflammatory lipid mediators, tissue injury and repair, and growth factors with immunoassay (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Luminex). Results: Smoking status was confirmed via salivary cotinine. Prostaglandin E2 level was significantly increased in CS compared with EC and DS, but not significantly different in EC and DS groups compared with non-smokers (NS). Statistically significant differences were observed between groups of EC and NS (myeloperoxidase [MPO], matrix metalloproteinase-9) as well as between DS and EC for biomarkers of inflammatory mediators (receptor for advanced glycation end products [RAGE], MPO, uteroglobin/CC-10); between groups of DS and NS for extracellular newly identified RAGE binding protein and between CS and NS for MPO. No statistically significant differences in biomarkers of immunity (S100A8, S100A9, galectin-3), tissue injury and repair (Serpine1/PAI-1) and growth factors (brain-derived neurotrophic 1274

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“…The constituents of gingival crevicular fluid include host-derived enzymes, plasma and serum components, inflammatory cells, and immune cells. In healthy state, the protein concentration in GCF is found to be similar to the interstitial fluid [ 41 ]. All the three studies collected GCF by absorbent paper strip technique as this method is quick and easy and also because of the ability of the strips to quickly absorb the fluid [ 41 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In healthy state, the protein concentration in GCF is found to be similar to the interstitial fluid [ 41 ]. All the three studies collected GCF by absorbent paper strip technique as this method is quick and easy and also because of the ability of the strips to quickly absorb the fluid [ 41 ]. In two studies, samples were taken from two sites of maxillary and mandibular central incisors, whereas in one study samples were taken from the mesiolabial and distolabial aspect of only maxillary central incisors.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Non-invasive methods for the assessment of biomarkers and their correlation with radiographic maturity indicators — a scoping review

Tripathi

2021

Prog Orthod.

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Background Detection of skeletal maturity is vital in orthodontic treatment timing and planning. Traditional methods include hand-wrist radiography and cervical vertebral maturation index (CVMI). Though the radiographic methods are well established and routinely used to assess skeletal maturation, they carry the drawback of subjective perception and low reproducibility. With evolving concepts, skeletal maturation has been assessed quantitatively through biomarkers obtained from saliva, gingival crevicular fluid (GCF), and urine. The scoping review aims to explore the various biomarkers assessed through non-invasive methods and their correlation with radiographic skeletal maturity. Methodology The literature search was carried out on MEDLINE via Pubmed, Cochrane Library (Cochrane database of systematic reviews), Cochrane central register of controlled trials (CENTRAL), Google Scholar, Semantic Scholar, ScienceDirect, and Opengrey.eu for articles up to and including November 2020. Pertinent articles were selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. The results were tabulated based on the type of sample collected, the biomarker assessed, method of sample collection, and the radiographic method used. Results The literature search resulted in 12 relevant articles. Among all the studies, 10 studies showed that the concentration of biomarkers increases during the pubertal growth peak. On the contrary, 2 articles showed no significant difference between the levels of biomarkers and pubertal growth peak. Conclusion It can be concluded that the level of biomarkers increases during the pubertal growth spurt and can provide a quantitative way of assessing skeletal maturity.

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Saliva and Gingival Crevicular Fluid (GCF) Collection for Biomarker Screening

Cited by 27 publications

References 28 publications

Molecular Screening and Analysis Reveal Novel Oral Site-Specific Locations for the Cariogenic Pathogen Scardovia wiggsiae

Molecular Screening and Analysis Reveal Novel Oral Site-Specific Locations for the Cariogenic Pathogen Scardovia wiggsiae

Inflammatory biomarkers and growth factors in saliva and gingival crevicular fluid of e‐cigarette users, cigarette smokers, and dual smokers: A pilot study

Non-invasive methods for the assessment of biomarkers and their correlation with radiographic maturity indicators — a scoping review

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