Salinity Stress in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in the Changing Climate: Adaptation and Management Strategies

Abstract

Wheat constitutes pivotal position for ensuring food and nutritional security; however, rapidly rising soil and water salinity pose a serious threat to its production globally. Salinity stress negatively affects the growth and development of wheat leading to diminished grain yield and quality. Wheat plants utilize a range of physiological biochemical and molecular mechanisms to adapt under salinity stress at the cell, tissue as well as whole plant levels to optimize the growth, and yield by off-setting the adverse effects of saline environment. Recently, various adaptation and management strategies have been developed to reduce the deleterious effects of salinity stress to maximize the production and nutritional quality of wheat. This review emphasizes and synthesizes the deleterious effects of salinity stress on wheat yield and quality along with highlighting the adaptation and mitigation strategies for sustainable wheat production to ensure food security of skyrocketing population under changing climate.

Mitigation of Salinity-Induced Oxidative Damage, Growth, and Yield Reduction in Fine Rice by Sugarcane Press Mud Application

“…Salinity stress is a complex process that negatively affects the plant’s physiological and biochemical processes ( Dustgeer et al, 2021 ; Sultan et al, 2021 ). The effects of salt ranged from seed germination to flowering and fruiting settings, which resultantly caused significant yield losses ( Mbarki et al, 2020 ; El Sabagh et al, 2021 ). Moreover, salt stress also induces osmotic and ionic stress and induce the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which cause damages to significant molecules, namely, DNA, proteins, and cellular membranes ( Ahanger et al, 2017 ; Hassan et al, 2019 , 2020 , 2021a ; Mbarki et al, 2020 ; Hossain et al, 2021 ; Sultan et al, 2021 ; Batool et al, 2022 ).…”

Allele mining, evolutionary genetic analysis of TaHKT1;5 gene and evaluation of salinity stress in selected lines of wheat

“…Final Germination Percentage (FGP) was calculated using following formula: FGP = (Number final germinated seeds/ Total number of seed tested) x 100. Germination Energy (GE) was calculated using following formula according to Ruan et al, 2002. GE (%) = (Number of germinated seeds at 4th after sowing/ Total number of seed tested) x 100.…”

“…Salt concentrations beyond 40 mM or electrical conductivity greater than 4 dS/m in soil can cause significant reduction in spikelets per spike, delayed spike emergence and reduced fertility, which results in poor grain yields (Shrivastava and Kumar 2015) and reductions in wheat grain yield (Kalhoro1 et al, 2016). Adverse of effect of salinity during developmental stages of wheat and strategies to overcome problems associated with salinity stress has been recently reviewed (Sabagh et al, 2021). The role of salinity tolerance concerning HKT1;5 gene and its translocation events were shown based on the available research evidence (James et al, 2011, Byrt et al, 2007) (Fig.…”

Wheat Proteomics for Abiotic Stress Tolerance and Root System Architecture: Current Status and Future Prospects

“…Recently, an agricultural production system simulator wheat model predicted yield loss will increase due to heat stress of −0.6 to 4.2% from 2071–2100 on the North China Plain (contributing 50% of wheat production in China) [ 8 ]. In addition, salinity is contaminating soil [ 9 ], reducing wheat yields by 40% [ 10 ].…”