Salinity-induced change in green vegetation and land use patterns using remote sensing, NDVI, and GIS techniques: A case study on the southwestern coast of Bangladesh

Monitoring of drainage system and waterlogging area in the human-induced Ganges-Brahmaputra tidal delta plain of Bangladesh using MNDWI index

“…Due to the increase of wet-land, the people now convert their agricultural land to the saline water dependent fish firm [ 63 ]. Therefore, salinity is increasing both in surface and subsurface water, and also in the soils, and these are affecting the natural biodiversity [ 9 , 20 , 41 , [76] , [77] , [78] , [79] , [80] ]. Rashid et al and Alongi [ 8 , 9 , 81 ] stated that the SW coastal region of Bangladesh is extremely susceptible to a decline in freshwater, salinity intrusion and climate change.…”

“…Therefore, salinity is increasing both in surface and subsurface water, and also in the soils, and these are affecting the natural biodiversity [ 9 , 20 , 41 , [76] , [77] , [78] , [79] , [80] ]. Rashid et al and Alongi [ 8 , 9 , 81 ] stated that the SW coastal region of Bangladesh is extremely susceptible to a decline in freshwater, salinity intrusion and climate change. The saline situation affects the growth of trees and crops through prying with nutrient uptake, dropping intensification, and stopping plant reproduction.…”

“…and anthropogenic (polders, embankments, upstream dams, etc. ), processes, and consequently land subsidence [ 19 ], waterlogging and flooding [ 12 ], salinity increase [ 9 , 76 ], coastal erosion [ [95] , [96] , [97] ], etc., made the coastal areas of Bangladesh in a vulnerable situation both for humans and natural biodiversity. The outputs of the research will be helpful for planners, policy makers, coastal scientists all over the sphere, etc.…”

“…In the coastal zones of Bangladesh ( Fig. 1 ), saline water imposition and tidal flooding hampered agricultural practices [ [7] , [8] , [9] ]. Therefore, from 1960s to 1980s ∼ 5000 km 2 area was protected from tidal flooding and saline water by the construction of ∼ 139 polders of ∼ 4000 km lengths [ 10 , 11 ], and also constructed embankments on both the banks of the tidal rivers [ 12 ].…”

Multispectral Satellite Image Analysis for Computing Vegetation Indices by R in the Khartoum Region of Sudan, Northeast Africa

“…Previous studies evaluated the performance of the Earth Resources Data Analysis System (ERDAS) Imagine in computing vegetation indices to assess desertification in semi-arid regions, emphasising that the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) classification is suitable for assessing land degradation using the NDVI pixel range [19]. Others examined the links between the NDVI and the salinity characteristics in the surface water, groundwater and soils using the ArcGIS [20]. Furthermore, Ezaidi et al applied ENvironment for Visualizing Images (ENVI) GIS for computing the NDVI for a time series of the Landsat images to assess the degradation in vegetation [21].…”