“…Our study found that soil salinity-sodicity greatly inhibited plant growth, such as plant height, biomass, and stem diameter, which was consistent with the findings of others (Hooks et al, 2018;Javid et al, 2012;Kuehny & Morales, 1998;Shi & Sheng, 2005). When the soil salinity-sodicity increased from the non-to high level, the two species with low tolerance rapidly decreased all their growth traits and root mass ratio, possibly due to their higher threshold levels that induce osmotic effects and ionic imbalance in plant tissues (Ahmad, Ghafoor, Akhtar, & Khan, 2013;Maas, 1987), while the two highly tolerant species had the ability to maintain higher F I G U R E 1 Phenotypic plasticity in four species.…”