Saline Lakes and their Deposits: A Sedimentological Approach

Hardie, Lawrence A.; Smoot, Joseph P.; Eügster, Hans P.

doi:10.1002/9781444303698.ch2

Cited by 257 publications

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“…Similar facies have been observed in deep lakes as the result of turbidity underflows triggered by gravity instability or sediment-laden fluvial discharge entering lower-density water (Ludlam 1974;Lambert and Hsü 1979;Mingram 1998;Freytet and Verrecchia 2002;Corella et al 2011aCorella et al , 2011b. However, graded-laminated limestones have also been described in playa lakes and shallow saline lakes (Eugster and Hardie 1975;Hardie et al 1978;Smoot 1983;Paik and Kim 2006) and continental wetlands (Buscalioni and Fregenal-Martínez 2010), as the result of sedimentcharged water currents followed by deposition of mudstone when calm conditions are recovered. In shallow water bodies, sediment resuspension is a common process that produces graded laminae, in that it includes erosion of fine-grained sediments from the bottom (top uncompacted material is easily resuspended), distribution of this material by currents, and settling when calm conditions are recovered (Bengtsson and Hellströ m 1992;Jin and Sun 2007).…”

mentioning

confidence: 87%

“…Lenticular gypsum thus is interpreted as a syndepositional diagenetic phase that was formed while the sediment was still soft. Equivalent displacive evaporites are characteristic of sabkhas, saline mudflats, or perennial saline lakes (e.g., Hardie et al 1978;Smoot and Lowenstein 1991;Demicco and Hardie 1994;Warren 2006;Ortí 2010b; and references therein). The development of intrasediment gypsum, and absence of cumulates or selenites, may be related to the salinity range.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although similar infills may occur in synaeresis cracks, material derived from below is also typical (Plummer and Gostin 1981;Pratt 1998). Moreover, the presence of evaporites within the cracks is a common feature in subaerial cracks (Hardie et al 1978;Renaut and Long 1989;Paik and Kim 1998).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The development of anhydrite instead of gypsum is a consequence of higher temperatures and/or higher salinities of the brine (Hardie 1967;Ortí 2010a), which may be achieved more easily at desiccation, and it is also a clue that precipitation occurred above the water table, as seen in modern sabkhas (Warren 1991(Warren , 2006Alsharhan and Kendall 2003). The precipitation of evaporites associated with desiccation cracks has been described in mudflat environments (Hardie et al 1978), and is equivalent to the halite efflorescences that develop in polygonal cracks of saline pans in response to evaporation of the subsurface brine drawn up the cracks (Lowenstein and Hardie 1985;Pakzad and Kulke 2007). Halite precipitating in polygon cracks of saline pans commonly is removed and dissolved by the next flooding event.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Depositional Depth of Laminated Carbonate Deposits: Insights From the Lower Cretaceous Valdeprado Formation (Cameros Basin, Northern Spain)

Quijada¹,

Suárez-González²,

Benito³

et al. 2013

Journal of Sedimentary Research

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The Lower Cretaceous (Berriasian) Valdeprado Formation (Cameros Basin, northern Spain) contains more than 900 m of laminated carbonates and pseudomorphs after sulfates. Traditionally, many sedimentary packages of different ages and lithologies have been interpreted as deep-water deposits based essentially on the abundance of laminations and the absence of subaerial exposure features. In contrast, the Valdeprado Formation provides an example of a shallow-water deposit dominated by laminations with scarce evidence of subaerial exposure, and gives criteria to solve the challenge of distinguishing shallow-water and deep-water, ancient laminated deposits.The two most abundant facies all along the Valdeprado Formation are: a) parallel-laminated limestone, formed by alternating carbonate mudstone and calcite and quartz pseudomorphs after displacive gypsum, and b) graded-laminated limestone, consisting of quartz, mica, ostracodes, and pseudomorphs after detrital gypsum grains at the base, which changes gradually upwards to carbonate mudstone. Parallel-laminated limestone and graded-laminated limestone could have been deposited in either deep or shallow environments as a result of salinity fluctuations driven by alternation of flooding and evaporation and by sediment resuspension processes, respectively. Subaerial exposure features, such as desiccation mudcracks, are scarce in most of the succession, except in a few meter-scale stratigraphic intervals where they are very abundant. Interestingly, in these intervals desiccation cracks are present at the tops of several successive laminae (up to 25 mudcracked laminae per meter of deposit), indicating that, at least during those periods of time, deposition occurred in shallow water bodies that were desiccated frequently. In the upper part of the stratigraphic section, parallel-laminated and graded-laminated limestones are associated with current-ripple and wave-ripple cross-laminated arenites, and ostracode mudstone to wackestone with centimeter-size pseudomorphs after lenticular gypsum, and abundant desiccation mudcracks and tepees, which also suggest sedimentation in shallow-water environments. Moreover, the laminated carbonates display continuous, parallel layering, and the same facies along the 40-km-long outcropping area. These deposits are directly interbedded with, and pass laterally to, siliciclastic sandy-muddy flat deposits in the western area of the basin, without clinoforms, slump structures, or slide masses in between. All of these features suggest deposition in shallow, perennial carbonate-sulfate water bodies and their peripheral mudflats, developed in a flat-bottomed basin with no marked gradients.

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confidence: 87%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Depositional Depth of Laminated Carbonate Deposits: Insights From the Lower Cretaceous Valdeprado Formation (Cameros Basin, Northern Spain)

Quijada¹,

Suárez-González²,

Benito³

et al. 2013

Journal of Sedimentary Research

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“…Las pelitas macizas por bioturbación indicarían que las condiciones ambientales no fueron tan severas y permitieron el desarrollo de la actividad biológica. Por su parte, las pelitas interestratificadas con yeso, muy común en el sur del área (quebrada del Yeso), corresponderían a la planicie fangosa-salina ('saline mud flat'); Hardie et al, 1978;Handford, 1982).…”

Section: Asociación De Facies VIIIunclassified

Sedimentary paleoenvironments of the Toro Negro Formation (Neogene), Andean broken foreland, northwest Argentina.

Ciccioli

Marenssi

2012

andgeo

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RESUMEN.La Formación Toro Negro (Neógeno) registra parte de la sedimentación de la cuenca de antepaís fracturado de Vinchina (Orogenia Andina) en el NW argentino. Esta unidad está compuesta por conglomerados, areniscas y pelitas junto con algunos niveles de brechas y tobas depositados principalmente en ambientes continentales. Once asociaciones de facies (AF) fueron reconocidas: ocho corresponden al miembro inferior y tres al superior. La AFI está compuesta por megabrechas intraformacionales y conglomerados depositados en ríos entrelazados gravosos que rellenaron el paleovalle fluvial en el norte del área. La AFII, formada por brechas intraformacionales y areniscas integrando fajas de canales fuertemente incisas dentro una planicie aluvial, fue identificada en las posiciones marginales del mencionado paleovalle. La AFIII, integrada por fajas de canales gravosos con planicies arenosas, corresponde a ríos anastomosados de clima semiárido que evolucionó a un sistema con espesas planicies fangosas con delgados desbordamientos arenosos y canales simples gravosos (AFIV). Por su parte, la AFV consiste de complejos de canales arenosos encapsulados con ciclos grano-crecientes. La AFVI está compuesta por conglomerados y areniscas guijarrosas depositadas en una planicie entrelazada que evoluciona a un sistema fluvial de menor energía (AFVII) caracterizado por un aumento de depósitos fangosos con lóbulos arenosos y lentes gravosas. La AFVIII está dominada por sedimentos finos depositados en un lago somero. En el miembro superior, la AFIX corresponde a un sistema fluvial entrelazado profundo gravoso. La AFX está compuesta por facies finas acumuladas en una planicie aluvial fuertemente agradante sobre la que progradan depósitos gruesos correspondiente a un piedemonte dominado por flujos canalizados (AFXI). En la evolución paleoambiental de la Formación Toro Negro se reconocen 3 etapas. La etapa I (Mioceno Temprano) corresponde a la formación de un paleovalle fluvial en el norte del área y posterior relleno por cursos fluviales gravo-arenosos provenientes del oeste principalmente (AFI-V). En la etapa II (Mioceno Medio a Tardío) se desarrollan sistemas fluviales no confinados arenogravosos (AFVI-VII) que progradan sobre un lago somero (AFVIII) desarrollado en el sur del área. Finalmente, la etapa III (miembro superior, Mioceno Tardío-Plioceno Temprano) corresponde a pulsos de progradación de la cuña clástica (AFIX-XI) desde el oeste (Precordillera).

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Pans, Playas and Salt Lakes

Shaw

Bryant

2011

Arid Zone Geomorphology

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Alluvial sandflat playa (Smith & Humphreys, 1989) Arid zone playas (Renaut, 1994) Bypass playas (Motts, 1972) Central playa (Christopherson, 1997) Claypan playa (Synder, 1962) Clay playa (Stoertz & Ericksen, 1975) * Clay-silt playa (Cooke et al., 1993) Closed basin playa (Rosen & Warren, 1990) Coarse-grained playa (Motts, 1972) Continental playa (Dutkiewicz & von der Borch, 1995) Crystal body playas (Motts, 1972) Desert dry playas (Bailey, 1904) Desert playa (Christopherson, 1997) Discharge playa (Thompson, 1929) Dry playa (Thompson, 1929) Evaporitic playas (De Deckker & Last, 1989) Feedyard playa (Lehman, 1972) Fine-grained playa (Motts, 1972) Ground-water discharge playa (Jacobsen et al., 1994) Gypsum playa (Boyd & Kreiler, 1986) *

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Saline Lakes and their Deposits: A Sedimentological Approach

Cited by 257 publications

References 0 publications

Depositional Depth of Laminated Carbonate Deposits: Insights From the Lower Cretaceous Valdeprado Formation (Cameros Basin, Northern Spain)

Depositional Depth of Laminated Carbonate Deposits: Insights From the Lower Cretaceous Valdeprado Formation (Cameros Basin, Northern Spain)

Sedimentary paleoenvironments of the Toro Negro Formation (Neogene), Andean broken foreland, northwest Argentina.

Pans, Playas and Salt Lakes

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