Salicylic Acid in Root Growth and Development

Bagautdinova, Zulfira Z.; Omelyanchuk, N. A.; Tyapkin, Alexandr V.; Kovrizhnykh, V.V.; Lavrekha, Viktoriya V.; Zemlyanskaya, Elena V.

doi:10.3390/ijms23042228

Cited by 54 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 251 publications

(352 reference statements)

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The level of SA in Arabidopsis shoots extents to 1 µg −1 fresh weight, but it increases up to 20 µg g −1 at the place of pathogen attack [17,18]. SA accumulation stimulates pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMP), pathogen triggered immunity (PTI), effector-triggered immunity (ETI), and systemic acquired resistance (SAR) via the activation of plant defense genes to resist biotrophic pathogens [3,18,19]. The consequences of exogenously applied SA on plant physiological processes under optimal growth conditions are controversial, with reports having a positive effect on plant growth or others having a negative influence on various physiological processes [20].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Harnessing the Role of Foliar Applied Salicylic Acid in Decreasing Chlorophyll Content to Reassess Photosystem II Photoprotection in Crop Plants

Moustakas

Sperdouli

Adamakis

et al. 2022

IJMS

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Salicylic acid (SA), an essential plant hormone, has received much attention due to its role in modulating the adverse effects of biotic and abiotic stresses, acting as an antioxidant and plant growth regulator. However, its role in photosynthesis under non stress conditions is controversial. By chlorophyll fluorescence imaging analysis, we evaluated the consequences of foliar applied 1 mM SA on photosystem II (PSII) efficiency of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) plants and estimated the reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Tomato leaves sprayed with 1 mM SA displayed lower chlorophyll content, but the absorbed light energy was preferentially converted into photochemical energy rather than dissipated as thermal energy by non-photochemical quenching (NPQ), indicating photoprotective effects provided by the foliar applied SA. This decreased NPQ, after 72 h treatment by 1 mM SA, resulted in an increased electron transport rate (ETR). The molecular mechanism by which the absorbed light energy was more efficiently directed to photochemistry in the SA treated leaves was the increased fraction of the open PSII reaction centers (qp), and the increased efficiency of open reaction centers (Fv’/Fm’). SA induced a decrease in chlorophyll content, resulting in a decrease in non-regulated energy dissipated in PSII (ΦNO) under high light (HL) treatment, suggesting a lower amount of triplet excited state chlorophyll (3Chl*) molecules available to produce singlet oxygen (1O2). Yet, the increased efficiency, compared to the control, of the oxygen evolving complex (OEC) on the donor side of PSII, associated with lower formation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), also contributed to less creation of ROS. We conclude that under non stress conditions, foliar applied SA decreased chlorophyll content and suppressed phototoxicity, offering PSII photoprotection; thus, it can be regarded as a mechanism that reduces photoinhibition and photodamage, improving PSII efficiency in crop plants.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Harnessing the Role of Foliar Applied Salicylic Acid in Decreasing Chlorophyll Content to Reassess Photosystem II Photoprotection in Crop Plants

Moustakas

Sperdouli

Adamakis

et al. 2022

IJMS

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“…Results: SA treatment alleviates the abiotic stress effects on the root system. SA can restore root length and biomass suppressed by salt, drought, cold, nickel, cadmium, arsenium, zinc, lead, chromium and aluminium stresses [3]. The effective SA concentration depends on the plant species and the stress type.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The restoration of root growth under stresses needs treatment with those SA concentrations, which under normal conditions enhance growth or at least do not inhibit it [4][5][6]. Such treatment provides the optimal level of endogenous SA through the regulation of SA metabolism [3]. Further SA mitigation of abiotic stress effects occurs in crosstalk with other plant hormones (in particular, IAA, ethylene, ABA).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

652 BGRS/SB-2022 Salicylic acid and abiotic stress: nature of interaction

2022

The Thirteenth International Multiconference

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Motivation and Aim: A plant hormone salicylic acid (SA) has attracted attention of plant physiologist as a modulator of plant immunity under biotic stress conditions [1]. However, over the past decades, a large amount of data has accumulated describing the SA role in plant growth under various abiotic stresses [2]. Despite SA application in agriculture as plant growth regulator has great potential, the requirements, which would provide an optimal growth-defense balance, are poorly understood. The aim of the current study is to compile a general map of characteristic changes in root morphology after SA treatment under stress conditions such as chilling, salinity, drought and heavy metals, and retrieve the conditions, which facilitate protective effects of SA. Methods and Algorithms: In the study, we analyzed more than 30 publications devoted to the simultaneous stress and SA effects on the root system architecture in 17 plant species. Systematization of information in tables and separation of data by process (seed germination, root length, root biomass), abiotic stress types, plant species and SA treatment conditions were used for comparative data analysis. Results: SA treatment alleviates the abiotic stress effects on the root system. SA can restore root length and biomass suppressed by salt, drought, cold, nickel, cadmium, arsenium, zinc, lead, chromium and aluminium stresses [3]. The effective SA concentration depends on the plant species and the stress type. For example, for some species, low SA concentrations promote seed germination under salinity, while higher SA concentrations lead to an increase of stress effects. The SA protective effect may rely on a decrease in the toxicity of a stress factor but mainly it is related to SA stimulation of plant growth and development, which are inhibited by stress conditions. This recovery is especially promoted by SA protection of cell divisions. The restoration of root growth under stresses needs treatment with those SA concentrations, which under normal conditions enhance growth or at least do not inhibit it [4][5][6]. Such treatment provides the optimal level of endogenous SA through the regulation of SA metabolism [3]. Further SA mitigation of abiotic stress effects occurs in crosstalk with other plant hormones (in particular, IAA, ethylene, ABA). Conclusion: SA treatment completely eliminates the effect of weak and moderate stress and partially restores root growth under severe ones. To ensure optimal plant growth under abiotic stress plants have developed various mechanisms to control balance between growth and defense, in which SA plays an important role.

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“…Results: SA regulates root morphology from radicle emergence during seed germination to middle cortex formation in aged plants. SA influences most of these processes in a concentration-dependent manner with opposite effects manifested at different concentrations [3]. Wherein, concentration ranges, which cause a certain effect, are genotype-specific.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Salicylic acid treatment changes plant root system patterning

2022

The Thirteenth International Multiconference

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Plant hormone salicylic acid (SA) mediates responses to pathogen and pest attacks and abiotic stresses, including drought, salinity, chilling, heavy metals and others [1]. Besides, to date, numerous data have been accumulated that favor a versatile role of SA in plant development. The SA content, the ratio of free and conjugated forms and their dynamics differ in shoots and roots, and thus can potentially cause differences in SA functions there. However, unlike in shoots, morphogenetic role of SA in roots has been poorly generalized so far [2]. Here we infer the patterns of root system response to SA across different species. Methods and Algorithms: We performed a systematic analysis of more than 100 papers on SA treatments in about 40 plant species, with SA concentration ranging from 10 fM to 10 mM to summarize data on root system response to this hormone. A simple root structure facilitates description of treatment effects. Results: SA regulates root morphology from radicle emergence during seed germination to middle cortex formation in aged plants. SA influences most of these processes in a concentration-dependent manner with opposite effects manifested at different concentrations [3]. Wherein, concentration ranges, which cause a certain effect, are genotype-specific. SA concentration dependence was found for following processes: radicle emergence (in cucumber, wheat, maize, carrot, and Arabidopsis); root elongation (in cucumber, wheat, beans, lens, Trigonella foenum-graceum L., and Pennisetum glaucum L.) and adventitious rooting (in mungbean, rhododendron, and Arabidopsis). For many species, SA concentrations that only activate or only inhibit the aforementioned processes have been found yet. The same unidirectional patterns are observed for SA impact on lateral root development in Arabidopsis and Catharanthus roseus hairy root tissue culture obtained from Agrobacterium rhizogenes infected leaves [4][5][6]. In Arabidopsis, SA (3-250 µM) inhibits lateral rooting whereas in Catharanthus roseus hairy root tissue culture very low SA concentrations (10 fM) stimulate this process, pointing out that any case of the unidirectional SA inhibition of root growth needs to be tested with nano and femto mole SA concentrations. In its turn, unidirectional SA stimulation of root growth requires verification with higher SA concentrations. Conclusion: At least in some species, it was demonstrated that SA is a hormetic regulator, having a biphasic dose response, where low and high concentrations promote and inhibit growth respectively. This allows SA to control the growth-stress response balance in root system development.

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Salicylic Acid in Root Growth and Development

Cited by 54 publications

References 251 publications

Harnessing the Role of Foliar Applied Salicylic Acid in Decreasing Chlorophyll Content to Reassess Photosystem II Photoprotection in Crop Plants

Harnessing the Role of Foliar Applied Salicylic Acid in Decreasing Chlorophyll Content to Reassess Photosystem II Photoprotection in Crop Plants

652 BGRS/SB-2022 Salicylic acid and abiotic stress: nature of interaction

Salicylic acid treatment changes plant root system patterning

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