Salaries in psychology 1999: Report of the 1999 APA Salary Survey.

Practice Patterns Across the Clinical Life Span: Results From the California Survey of Psychological Practice.

“…The structure of the mental health industry itself, such as the routine availability in organized settings of junior or entry-level positions for recently licensed psychologists, may also account for differences in practice style. Recent surveys among psychologists have found important experienced-based differences in reported yearly income, predominant work setting, perceived quality of work, and attitudes toward managed care (Murphy, DeBernardo, & Shoemaker, 1998; Phelps, Eisman, & Kohout, 1998; Pion, Kohout, & Wicherski, 2000; Williams, Wicherski, & Kohout, 2000). Data from the California Survey, drawn from a representative sample of clinical psychologists, may add to these generally acknowledged characteristics of professional practice by examining whether current trends dominant in the profession have contributed to differences in practice (Pingitore et al, 2001a).…”

Psychologist supply, managed care, and the effects on income: Fault lines beneath California psychologists.

“…Income differences based on psychologists' demographic characteristics are prevalent within the profession. In the 1999 American Psychological Association (APA) Salary Survey (Williams, Wicherski, & Kohout, 2000), differences in mean and median income were reported among clinical psychologists based on gender, race-ethnicity, and years of experience. For example, mean and median incomes were higher among men than among women, and income increased with years of clinical experience.…”

“…In the 1999 American Psychological Association (APA) Salary Survey (Williams, Wicherski, & Kohout, 2000), differences in mean and median income were reported among clinical psychologists based on gender, race-ethnicity, and years of experience. For example, mean and median incomes were higher among men than among women, and income increased with years of clinical experience.Data from APA salary surveys conducted throughout the 1990s also revealed negative trends in psychologists' income attributed to managed care and other changes in the mental health delivery system (Williams, Kohout, & Wicherski, 1999;Williams et al, 2000). The number of psychologists who reported salary declines DAVID PINOITORE received his PhD in clinical psychology from the Wright Institute Graduate School of Psychology in 1990.…”

Gender differences in practice patterns and income among psychologists in professional practice.

“…Finally, any current discussion of psychologists' gender and income must take into account the role of managed care and the contextual variables of practice, many of which have been greatly influenced by managed care. As documented in the two most recent APA salary surveys, psychologists believe that managed care has adversely impacted psychologists' salaries and income (Williams, Wicherski, & Kohout, 1998, 2000). In 1997, 58% of independent practitioners reported a decrease in salary due to the changes in the health care system (Williams, Wicherski, & Kohout, 1998).…”

“…The majority of both group and individual practice psychologists in that survey also reported a salary decrease of 15%–19%, which was presumed to be due to the expansion of managed care and other sweeping changes in the health care system (Williams, Kohout, & Wicherski, 1998). In the 1999 Salary Survey, older psychologists were twice as likely to report that managed care led to income reductions, and the overall proportion of respondents who reported reductions on net income was 53% (Williams, Wickerski, & Kohout, 2000).…”