Sailing through Time: A Historical Examination of the Explorations and Expeditions of the Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument

Wiener, Carlie S.; Wagner, Daniel

doi:10.5479/si.00775630.594

Cited by 2 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 59 publications

(117 reference statements)

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“…Large MPAs provide unique opportunities to protect cultural seascapes and long practised oceanic traditions (Wiener and Wagner, ; Gaymer et al ., ). Large MPAs need not be uniform in use or management type.…”

Section: The Advantages Of Large Mpasmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…The total cost of establishing large MPAs is generally higher than smaller ones, though as size increases establishment cost per unit area drops substantially (McCrea-Strub et al, 2011). Large MPAs provide unique opportunities to protect cultural seascapes and long practised oceanic traditions (Wiener and Wagner, 2013;Gaymer et al, 2014). Large MPAs need not be uniform in use or management type.…”

Section: The Advantages Of Large Mpasmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The drivers toward protection of these recently designated MPAs are varied. Early large‐scale sites, such as the Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument, were designated for their intrinsic natural and cultural value (Wiener and Wagner, ), while others like the Cook Islands Marine Park (Marae Moana) have multiple use zones and were established to strike a balance between economic growth and biodiversity conservation. Australia's Great Barrier Reef Marine Park, which has been a World Heritage Site since 1981, likewise has multiple use zones and a substantial management system (Fernandes et al ., ), while the British Indian Ocean Territory (BIOT) Marine Reserve is strictly no‐take, off‐limits to most, and has origins in its military functions (Sheppard et al ., ).…”

Section: The History Of Going Bigmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Large marine protected areas – advantages and challenges of going big

Wilhelm¹,

Sheppard

et al. 2014

Aquatic Conservation

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133

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ABSTRACT1. The Aichi Biodiversity Targets were designed to promote and implement the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) by providing a framework for action to save biodiversity and enhance its benefits for people. Specifically, Target 11 aims to protect 10% of all seas by 2020. The percentage of the world's oceans that are protected has increased steadily in recent years, mainly due to very large marine protected areas (MPAs).2. The issue of making major gains in achieving protection targets through 'going big' has brought added scrutiny to the subject of MPAs. There is economy in scale, but several people have called into question whether going large will protect representative habitat and result in true protection, or whether it is merely a politically expedient way for some nations to attain targets by creating paper parks, while avoiding tough conservation decisions.3. The recent creation of large MPAs has greatly enhanced the chance of achieving global protection targets. Large areas typically contain several ecosystems and habitats that interact ecologically, and allow for more holistic conservation. The interactions between ecosystems in large MPAs occur without many of the problems associated with networks of smaller MPAs, where the connectivity between sites is often affected by human activities.4. The disadvantages of large MPAs include difficulties of surveillance, enforcement and monitoring of vast offshore areas, as well as high total costs. While the cost per unit area may be lower for large MPAs, conducting surveillance and monitoring in such vast areas requires much more expensive technologies.5. Large MPAs complement and add to existing management and conservation measures. Decision makers should consider designating them as one of a suite of possible protection measures. Besides greatly enhancing the chance of reaching agreed biodiversity targets, large MPAs improve the quality of conservation.

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Section: The Advantages Of Large Mpasmentioning

confidence: 97%