Sagging of the cheek is related to skin elasticity, fat mass and mimetic muscle function

Ezure, Tomonobu; Hosoi, Jun; Amano, Sadao; Tsuchiya, Takuya

doi:10.1111/j.1600-0846.2009.00364.x

Cited by 68 publications

(88 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Copper oxide containing socks have been shown to increase the skin elasticity upon use [32]; and (g) increased skin elasticity and firmness results in reduced sagginess [41]. Another clear result of this study was the increased brightness that occurred in the study participants using the copper oxide containing pillowcases.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 59%

“…The capacity of copper ions to be absorbed through the skin was already demonstrated [24,25]; (c) once absorbed, the copper ions induce proliferation of fibroblast cells; stimulation of dermal fibroblasts proliferation by copper ions has been demonstrated [38]; (d) the absorbed copper ions also stimulate the production and secretion of collagen, fibronectin and integrin by the dermal fibroblasts, as previously demonstrated [15,39]; (e) new ECMs are formed, and following the ECM formation, the copper ions stabilize the ECMs directly [22,40] and indirectly via serving as a cofactor of several enzymes, such as lysyl oxidase, needed for efficient ECM protein cross-linking [16]; (f) the newly formed and stabilized ECMs increase the firmness of the facial skin and its elasticity [1]. Copper oxide containing socks have been shown to increase the skin elasticity upon use [32]; and (g) increased skin elasticity and firmness results in reduced sagginess [41].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Facial Skin Lifting and Brightening Following Sleep on Copper Oxide Containing Pillowcases

Borkow

Elı́as

2016

Cosmetics

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Abstract:Copper plays a key role in many of the physiological processes that occur in the skin. Previously it was found that sleeping on pillowcases impregnated with microscopic copper oxide particles results in reduction of wrinkles and fine lines. In the current study, it was examined if sleeping on copper oxide impregnated pillowcases results also in skin lifting and skin brightness. A four week, double blind, randomized study was performed, during which 45 women, aged 37-54, slept on copper oxide containing pillowcases (test group, n = 23) or on control pillowcases without copper oxide (control group, n = 22). Facial and eye skin surface was measured using an F-ray 3D measurement system and surface analysis was conducted using Image-pro ® plus. Skin brightness was measured using a tristimulus colorimeter. Sleeping on the test pillowcases resulted in statistically significant skin lifting on the cheek area (p = 0.039) and eye area (p = 0.001) after four weeks of use as compared to baseline. The mean skin brightness in those sleeping on the test pillowcases increased after two (p = 0.024) and four weeks (p = 0.008). No statistically significant changes occurred during the study in the study participants using the control pillowcases. Statistically significant differences between both groups were recorded at two and four weeks for skin brightness and skin lifting, respectively. In conclusion, sleeping on copper oxide containing pillowcases results in facial skin lifting and brightness of the skin.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 59%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Facial Skin Lifting and Brightening Following Sleep on Copper Oxide Containing Pillowcases

Borkow

Elı́as

2016

Cosmetics

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“…Since the appearance of the face is one of the most important measures for the evaluation of facial ageing, many studies have attempted to use qualitative measures to evaluate the progression of facial ageing and the response to rejuvenation treatments via the use of facial photographs as a primary assessment tool. 3,4,[20][21][22] Few radiology studies have been used for the assessment of facial ageing. CT has been used to evaluate age-related changes in deeper facial structures such as facial bones.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

MR relaxometry for the facial ageing assessment: the preliminary study of the age dependency in the MR relaxometry parameters within the facial soft tissue

Watanabe

Buch

Fujita

et al. 2015

Dentomaxillofacial Radiology

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Objectives: To investigate the location-specific tissue properties and age-related changes of the facial fat and facial muscles using quantitative MRI (qMRI) analysis of longitudinal magnetization (T1) and transverse magnetization (T2) values. Methods: 38 subjects (20 males and 18 females, 0.5-87 years old) were imaged with a mixed turbo-spin echo sequence at 1.5 T. T1 and T2 measurements were obtained within regions of interest in six facial fat regions including the buccal fat and subcutaneous cheek fat, four eyelid fat regions (lateral upper, medial upper, lateral lower and medial lower) and five facial muscles including the orbicularis oculi, orbicularis oris, buccinator, zygomaticus major and masseter muscles bilaterally. Results: Within the zygomaticus major muscle, age-associated T1 decreases in females and T1 increases in males were observed in later life with an increase in T2 values with age. The orbicularis oculi muscles showed lower T1 and higher T2 values compared to the masseter, orbicularis oris and buccinator muscles, which demonstrated small age-related changes. The dramatic age-related changes were also observed in the eyelid fat regions, particularly within the lower eyelid fat; negative correlations with age in T1 values (p , 0.0001 for age) and prominent positive correlation in T2 values in male subjects (p , 0.0001 for male 3 age). Age-related changes were not observed in T2 values within the subcutaneous cheek fat. Conclusions: This study demonstrates proof of concept using T1 and T2 values to assess agerelated changes of the facial soft tissues, demonstrating tissue-specific qMRI measurements and non-uniform ageing patterns within different regions of facial soft tissues. Dentomaxillofacial Radiology (2015) 44, 20150047. doi: 10.1259/dmfr.20150047 Cite this article as: Watanabe M, Buch K, Fujita A, Christiansen CL, Jara H, Sakai O. MR relaxometry for the facial ageing assessment: the preliminary study of the age dependency in the MR relaxometry parameters within the facial soft tissue. Dentomaxillofac Radiol 2015; 44: 20150047.Keywords: ageing; facial muscles; adipose tissue; magnetic resonance imaging; quantitative evaluation IntroductionThe face is a complex, multifunctional structure responsible for conveying various emotional expressions. The investigations into the mechanisms of facial ageing have revealed a multifactorial process involving a combination of structures with functional and structural changes including loss of elasticity, facial fat atrophy, weakened muscular support and bony Correspondence to: Dr Memi Watanabe. E-mail: memi.watanabe@bmc.org Cindy L Christiansen received funds from Department of Radiology, Boston University School of Medicine, for statistical support. Hernán Jara is named inventor in several patents held by Boston University and Boston Medical Center pertaining to quantitative MRI and Synthetic MRI algorithms and these could be licensed to a major MRI manufacturer (negotiations are taking place with GE Healthcare). Hernán Jara also has received royal...

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“…1), which was placed on a tripod at the same height as the face, approximately 100 cm from the subject. Massage-induced changes at the nasolabial folds and sagging at the lower, upper and lateral parts of the cheek, and the lower eyelid were scored as reported by Ezure et al (11)(12)(13). Briefly, pre-and post-massage photographs were examined side-by-side by two experienced researchers and changes were graded in increments of 0.5 in the range from 0 to 2: score 0 represents no difference, score 1 represents a small change, and score 2 represents a distinct change.…”

Section: Facial Massage Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of morphological changes after facial massage by a novel approach using three‐dimensional computed tomography

Nishimura

Okuda

Kunizawa

et al. 2016

Skin Research and Technology

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Background/purpose: Photograph-based visual scoring has been used for evaluation of facial morphological changes. Here, we describe a three-dimensional computed tomography (3D-CT) method for objective analysis of facial and intra-facial (subcutaneous) changes. The effects of facial massage were examined using both methods. Methods: Subjects were 12 healthy female volunteers without facial scars or deformation (age 30-54 years, mean 39.4 years). Photograph-based scoring of massage-induced morphological changes was done at the nasolabial folds, upper, lower and lateral cheeks and lower eyelids. For 3D-CT evaluation, the virtual center axis (VCA) was set as the craniocaudal longitudinal line, and the VCA-skin surface distances (VSDs) were measured. Massage-induced changes of VSD were calculated (facial massage-induced change rate, FMCR). Intra-facial (subcutaneous) changes were also evaluated. Results: Photograph-based scoring revealed marked morphological changes of the nasolabial folds after facial massage, and changes of the lower, upper and lateral cheeks and lower eyelid were also observed in more than half of the subjects. FMCR values were significantly changed in the paranasal area, nasolabial fold area and cranial part of the mandibular area. Photograph-based scores at the lower cheek and lower

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Sagging of the cheek is related to skin elasticity, fat mass and mimetic muscle function

Abstract: Sagging may be associated with the reduction of skin elasticity and mimetic muscle function and increase of fat mass, but the relationships are different in different areas of the cheek.

Cited by 68 publications

References 24 publications

Facial Skin Lifting and Brightening Following Sleep on Copper Oxide Containing Pillowcases

Facial Skin Lifting and Brightening Following Sleep on Copper Oxide Containing Pillowcases

MR relaxometry for the facial ageing assessment: the preliminary study of the age dependency in the MR relaxometry parameters within the facial soft tissue

Analysis of morphological changes after facial massage by a novel approach using three‐dimensional computed tomography

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