Saffold Cardioviruses in Children with Diarrhea, Thailand

Khamrin, Pattara; Chaimongkol, Natthawan; Nantachit, Nattika; Okitsu, Shoko; Ushijima, Hiroshi; Maneekarn, Niwat

doi:10.3201/eid1706.101983

Cited by 14 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…The pathogenicity of SAFV remains unclear because the virus is often detected along with enteric or respiratory viruses such as norovirus, rotavirus, bocavirus, and influenza virus [13,14,16,17,20,21,23,25,[28][29][30][31], and even in healthy individuals [15]; thus it is difficult to attribute infections to a specific virus. On the other hand, SAFV mono-infection was found in children with diarrhea, hand-foot-mouth disease, and upper respiratory inflammation [25,[30][31][32].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neuropathogenicity of Two Saffold Virus Type 3 Isolates in Mouse Models

et al. 2016

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ObjectiveSaffold virus (SAFV), a picornavirus, is occasionally detected in children with acute flaccid paralysis, meningitis, and cerebellitis; however, the neuropathogenicity of SAFV remains undetermined.MethodsThe virulence of two clinical isolates of SAFV type 3 (SAFV-3) obtained from a patient with aseptic meningitis (AM strain) and acute upper respiratory inflammation (UR strain) was analyzed in neonatal and young mice utilizing virological, pathological, and immunological methods.ResultsThe polyproteins of the strains differed in eight amino acids. Both clinical isolates were infective, exhibited neurotropism, and were mildly neurovirulent in neonatal ddY mice. Both strains pathologically infected neural progenitor cells and glial cells, but not large neurons, with the UR strain also infecting epithelial cells. UR infection resulted in longer inflammation in the brain and spinal cord because of demyelination, while the AM strain showed more infectivity in the cerebellum in neonatal ddY mice. Additionally, young BALB/c mice seroconverted following mucosal inoculation with the UR, but not the AM, strain.ConclusionsBoth SAFV-3 isolates had neurotropism and mild neurovirulence but showed different cell tropisms in both neonatal and young mouse models. This animal model has the potential to recapitulate the potential neuropathogenicity of SAFV-3.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neuropathogenicity of Two Saffold Virus Type 3 Isolates in Mouse Models

et al. 2016

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“…Subsequently, SAFVs have been detected by molecular methods from both respiratory and fecal specimens practically worldwide. Recent studies have revealed extensive genetic divergence among SAFV strains and led to the recognition of nine distinct SAFV genotypes [Khamrin et al, 2011]. However, the epidemiological pattern and disease burden of SAFV infections are unresolved.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Isolation of saffold virus type 2 in green monkey kidney cells

Blomqvist

Lappalainen

Paananen

et al. 2012

Journal of Medical Virology

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Saffold viruses (SAFV) have been discovered recently and they are classified into Theilovirus species in genus Cardiovirus in the Picornaviridae family. SAFV, especially those belonging to the genotype 2, have been difficult to propagate in laboratory cell lines. This study describes the successful isolation of an efficiently growing SAFV-2 strain directly from a stool specimen by standard virological methods. The availability of SAFV isolates that can be propagated to high titers is crucial to the future studies on pathogenesis and epidemiology of these novel human viruses.

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“…As SAFV was first isolated from a stool sample, research had initially focused on gastrointestinal symptoms following a presumed fecal‐oral transmission route . Studies have looked at cohort of patients suffering from acute gastroenteritis and have identified SAFV as a potential source in 0.2% to 3% of symptomatic patients from their stool samples . Nielsen et al also demonstrated a similar SAFV positive rate (3%) in a surveillance study, which included asymptomatic patients.…”

Section: Safv Epidemiology and Human Pathogenicitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The SAFV has been detected in patients globally (see Table for summary). Although infection rates appear low (<10%) in symptomatic patients via polymerase chain reaction methods, neutralizing antibodies from respiratory tract samples have been found at a high percentage of asymptomatic populations (55‐100%) .…”

Section: Safv Epidemiology and Human Pathogenicitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the data included most patients co‐enrolled into a randomized control trial investigating infection rates and the use of probiotics and included multiple samples from patients at different times. Other pathogens detected included adenovirus, bocavirus, cosavirus, enteroviruses, norovirus, and rotavirus . The significance of enterovirus coinfection will be discussed in the following paragraphs.…”

Section: Safv Epidemiology and Human Pathogenicitymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Saffold virus, an emerging human cardiovirus

Tan

Prabakaran

2016

Rev. Med. Virol.

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Saffold virus (SAFV) is an emerging human cardiovirus that has been shown to be ubiquitous. Initial studies of SAFV focused on respiratory and gastrointestinal infection; however, it has also recently been associated with diverse clinical symptoms including the endocrine, cardiovascular, and neurological systems. Given the systemic nature of SAFV, and its high prevalence, understanding its pathogenicity and clinical impact is of utmost importance. This comprehensive review highlights and discusses recent developments in epidemiology, human pathogenicity, animal, and molecular studies related to SAFV. It also provides detailed insights into the neuropathogenicity of SAFV. We argue that human studies have been confounded by coinfections and therefore require support from robust molecular and animal research. Thereby, we aim to provide foresight into further research to better understand this emerging virus.

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Saffold Cardioviruses in Children with Diarrhea, Thailand

Cited by 14 publications

References 11 publications

Neuropathogenicity of Two Saffold Virus Type 3 Isolates in Mouse Models

Neuropathogenicity of Two Saffold Virus Type 3 Isolates in Mouse Models

Isolation of saffold virus type 2 in green monkey kidney cells

Saffold virus, an emerging human cardiovirus

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