Safety studies with the oral rabies virus vaccine strain SPBN GASGAS in the small Indian mongoose (Herpestes auropunctatus)

Ortmann, Steffen; Vos, Ad; Kretzschmar, Antje; Walther, Nomusa; Kaiser, Christiane; Freuling, Conrad Martin; Lojkić, Ivana; Müller, Thomas

doi:10.1186/s12917-018-1417-0

Cited by 19 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…No adverse events were reported afterwards but several (potential) direct and indirect human contacts with the vaccine virus were observed during the campaign. The oral vaccine used in this study has a favorable safety profile and the hand-out and retrieve model used to distribute the baits limits the risk associated with unintentional human contacts with the vaccine virus to very low levels [ 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 ]. However, avoiding direct contact with vaccines during vaccination and collecting discarded sachet must be continuously emphasized throughout the ORV campaign, as the vaccinators may become less vigilant with time.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Feasibility and Effectiveness Studies with Oral Vaccination of Free-Roaming Dogs against Rabies in Thailand

Chanachai

Wongphruksasoong²,

Vos³

et al. 2021

Viruses

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(1) Background: Thailand has made significant progress in reducing the number of human and animal rabies cases. However, control and elimination of the last remaining pockets of dog-mediated rabies have shown to be burdensome, predominantly as a result of the large numbers of free-roaming dogs without an owner that cannot be restrained without special efforts and therefore remain unvaccinated. To reach these dogs, the feasibility, and benefits of oral rabies vaccination (ORV) as a complementary tool has been examined under field conditions. (2) Methods: ORV of dogs was tested in five study areas of four provinces in Thailand. In these areas, sites with free-roaming dogs were identified with the support of local municipal workers and dog caretakers. ORV teams visited each of five study areas and distributed rabies vaccine (SPBN GASGAS) in three bait formats that were offered to the dogs using a hand-out and retrieval model. The three bait types tested included: egg-flavored baits, egg-flavored baits pasted with commercially available cat liquid snack, and boiled-intestine baits. A dog offered a vaccine bait was considered vaccinated when the discarded sachet was perforated or if a dog chewed vaccine bait at least 5 times before it swallowed the bait, including the sachet. (3) Results: A total of 2444 free-roaming dogs considered inaccessible for parenteral vaccination were identified at 338 sites. As not all dogs were approachable, 79.0% were offered a bait; of these dogs, 91.6% accepted the bait and subsequently 83.0% were considered successfully vaccinated. (4) Conclusion: Overall, 65.6% of the free-roaming dogs at these sites were successfully vaccinated by the oral route. Such a significant increase of the vaccination coverage of the free-roaming dog population could interrupt the rabies transmission cycle and offers a unique opportunity to reach the goal to eliminate dog-mediated human rabies in Thailand by 2030.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Feasibility and Effectiveness Studies with Oral Vaccination of Free-Roaming Dogs against Rabies in Thailand

Chanachai

Wongphruksasoong²,

Vos³

et al. 2021

Viruses

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“…The third generation oral rabies virus vaccine SPBN GASGAS has retained the immunogenic properties of its parental strain SAD-B19 but has a greatly improved safety profile in comparison to first and second generation oral rabies virus vaccines. The risk of reversion to virulence of SPBN GASGAS is negligible based on its specific genetic design in the form of targeted multiple genetic modifications 2,35 , its greater genetic stability 35 , and evidence from experimental safety studies 2,32,36 . Furthermore, mutations in the parental SAD-B19 genome of vaccine viruses isolated from vaccine induced rabies cases were genetically very similar to potent SAD vaccines that have undergone a history of in vitro selection 11 , and very likely were not the result of the selection of a more virulent genotype, as corroborated in experimental studies 18 .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This is especially salient considering that 60–75% of emerging infectious diseases are caused by zoonotic pathogens 1 . Distribution, either aerially or as a hand-out, of oral animal baits containing live-virus vaccines has been used commercially and experimentally in both free-roaming dogs and wildlife populations against a variety of diseases, including rabies, brucellosis, Lyme disease, bovine tuberculosis, plague, and anthrax 2–6 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…vaccine-induced rabies) and have been proposed for use in both wildlife and free-roaming dogs 26,27 . Laboratory studies suggest a lack of pathogenicity in healthy adult mice and find no evidence of inducing rabies in animals 2,26,28,29 . In 2017, SPBN GASGAS, was approved for commercial use in foxes and raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides) in Europe 30 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Environmental distribution of certain modified live-virus vaccines with a high safety profile presents a low-risk, high-reward to control zoonotic diseases

Head

Vos

Blanton

et al. 2019

Sci Rep

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Oral vaccines aid immunization of hard to reach animal populations but often contain live-attenuated viruses that pose risks of reversion to virulence or residual pathogenicity. Human risk assessment is crucial prior to vaccine field distribution but there is currently no standardized approach. We mapped exposure pathways by which distribution of oral vaccines may result in inoculation into people and applied a Markov chain to estimate the number of severe adverse events. We simulated three oral rabies vaccination (ORV) campaigns: (1) first generation ORV (SAD-B19) in foxes, (2) SAD-B19 in dogs, and (3) third generation ORV (SPBN GASGAS) in dogs. The risk of SAD-B19-associated human deaths was predicted to be low (0.18 per 10 million baits, 95% CI: 0.08, 0.36) when distributed to foxes, but, consistent with international concern, 19 times greater (3.35 per 10 million baits, 95% CI: 2.83, 3.98) when distributed to dogs. We simulated no deaths from SPBN GAS-GAS. Human deaths during dog campaigns were particularly sensitive to dog bite rate, and during wildlife campaigns to animal consumption rate and human contact rate with unconsumed baits. This model highlights the safety of third generation rabies vaccines and serves as a platform for standardized approaches to inform risk assessments.

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“…Currently no wildlife ORV program exists in Puerto Rico. Research into rabies vaccines and various bait types for mongooses has been conducted with promising results suggesting an ORV program for mongooses is possible 5,6,7,8 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of Iophenoxic Acid Analogues in Small Indian Mongoose (<em>Herpestes Auropunctatus</em>) Sera for Use as an Oral Rabies Vaccination Biological Marker

Berentsen

Sugihara

Payne

et al. 2019

JoVE

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The small Indian mongoose (Herpestes auropunctatus) is a reservoir of rabies virus (RABV) in Puerto Rico and comprises over 70% of animal rabies cases reported annually. The control of RABV circulation in wildlife reservoirs is typically accomplished by a strategy of oral rabies vaccination (ORV). Currently no wildlife ORV program exists in Puerto Rico. Research into oral rabies vaccines and various bait types for mongooses has been conducted with promising results. Monitoring the success of ORV relies on estimating bait uptake by target species, which typically involves evaluating a change in RABV neutralizing antibodies (RVNA) post vaccination. This strategy may be difficult to interpret in areas with an active wildlife ORV program or in areas where RABV is enzootic and background levels of RVNA are present in reservoir species. In such situations, a biomarker incorporated with the vaccine or the bait matrix may be useful. We offered 16 captive mongooses placebo ORV baits containing ethyl-iophenoxic acid (et-IPA) in concentrations of 0.4% and 1% inside the bait and 0.14% in the external bait matrix. We also offered 12 captive mongooses ORV baits containing methyl-iophenoxic acid (me-IPA) in concentrations of 0.035%, 0.07% and 0.14% in the external bait matrix. We collected a serum sample prior to bait offering and then weekly for up to eight weeks post offering. We extracted Iophenoxic acids from sera into acetonitrile and quantified using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. We analyzed sera for et-IPA or me-IPA by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. We found adequate marking ability for at least eight and four weeks for et-and me-IPA, respectively. Both IPA derivatives could be suitable for field evaluation of ORV bait uptake in mongooses. Due to the longevity of the marker in mongoose sera, care must be taken to not confound results by using the same IPA derivative during consecutive evaluations.

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Safety studies with the oral rabies virus vaccine strain SPBN GASGAS in the small Indian mongoose (Herpestes auropunctatus)

Cited by 19 publications

References 32 publications

Feasibility and Effectiveness Studies with Oral Vaccination of Free-Roaming Dogs against Rabies in Thailand

Feasibility and Effectiveness Studies with Oral Vaccination of Free-Roaming Dogs against Rabies in Thailand

Environmental distribution of certain modified live-virus vaccines with a high safety profile presents a low-risk, high-reward to control zoonotic diseases

Analysis of Iophenoxic Acid Analogues in Small Indian Mongoose (<em>Herpestes Auropunctatus</em>) Sera for Use as an Oral Rabies Vaccination Biological Marker

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