Safety regulation in professional football: Empirical evidence of intended and unintended consequences

Hanson, Andrew; Jolly, Nicholas A.; Peterson, Jeremy

doi:10.1016/j.jhealeco.2017.01.004

Cited by 14 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…After the National Football League implemented the “crown-of-the-helmet rule”, weekly reported brain injury injuries among defensive players reduced by 32%. However, weekly reported lower extremity injuries among offensive players increased by 34% [ 162 ], suggesting a change in tackling tactics in response to the rule change. In Azodo et al’s study [ 29 ], basketball players suggested that mouthguard-wearing rate would be improved during the game if mouthguard usage was made compulsory.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Winning at all costs: a review of risk-taking behaviour and sporting injury from an occupational safety and health perspective

2019

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Professional athletes involved in high-performance sport are at a high injury risk, which may lead to long-term health consequences. Professional athletes often expose themselves to risky behaviours, resulting in a higher acceptance level of occupational risk compared to other occupations. To date, many studies have focused on elite athletes’ specific injury prevention techniques. The objective of this narrative review is to (1) summarise elite athletes’ attitudes towards important occupational safety and health (OSH) practices, including injury reporting, medicine usage and personal protective equipment (PPE) usage, and (2) explore factors that may influence elite athletes’ injury awareness. If injury awareness were given a similar weighting in elite sports as in any other highly physical occupation, the potential benefits to elite athletes and their long-term health could be highly significant. This review identifies that most elite athletes are not aware that sporting injuries are occupational injuries requiring behaviours determined by OSH rules. All the 39 studies identified met the moderate methodological quality criteria according to the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT). The factors impeding athletes’ injury awareness from achieving occupational health standards are discussed from three safety management perspectives: organisational, societal and individual. This review contributes to a better understanding of how to build a positive safety culture, one that could reduce elite athletes’ injury rate and improve their long-term wellbeing. Further research is required to develop a quantitative measurement instrument to evaluate occupational health awareness in the sport context. Based on the papers reviewed, the study population was categorised as elite, professional, high-performance amateur and student-athletes.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The active involvement of athletes’ families in the OSH process is essential to enhance their long-term wellbeing [ 166 , 167 ]. It is essential for researchers to focus more on specific groups of elite athletes and their social milieu [ 162 ] to improve athletes’ OSH awareness multi-dimensionally.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Winning at all costs: a review of risk-taking behaviour and sporting injury from an occupational safety and health perspective

2019

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“…54 Preliminary research on the CHR has shown a reduction in concussions but also an increase in lower extremity injuries. 31 In 2011, the NFL returned kickoffs to the 35-yard line after a previous shift to the 30-yard line. 81 Although overall injuries were significantly reduced after this rule change, head injuries were not.…”

Section: Applying An Occupational Epidemiological Framework To the Nflmentioning

confidence: 99%

Defining Exposures in Professional Football: Professional American-Style Football Players as an Occupational Cohort

Grashow

Roberts

Zafonte

et al. 2019

Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine

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Studies of professional American football players have shown that football-related activities lead to acute injuries and may have longterm adverse health outcomes including osteoarthritis, neurocognitive impairment, and cardiovascular disease. However, the full complement of what constitutes professional football exposure has yet to be effectively articulated. Most likely, professional football exposure encompasses a multifaceted array of experiences including head impacts and joint stresses, long-term pain medication use, dietary restrictions, and strenuous training regimens. To study the health of professional American football players, characterizing the group as an occupational cohort and taking advantage of methods established within the discipline of occupational epidemiology may be beneficial. We conducted a narrative review of existing football research, occupational epidemiological methods papers, and occupational medicine studies. Here we describe the traditional occupational epidemiological approach to assessing exposure in a novel cohort and show how this framework could be implemented in studies of professional football players. In addition, we identify the specific challenges associated with studying an elite athletic occupational group, including the healthy worker effect and other types of selection and information biases, and explore these in the context of existing studies of footballrelated health. The application of well-established occupational epidemiological methods to professional football players may yield new insights into the effects of playing exposure and may provide opportunities for interventions to reduce harm. is listed as an inventor on several issued and pending patents on the real-time integration of transcranial magnetic stimulation with electroencephalography and magnetic resonance imaging. A.B. has received funding from the NIH/National

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“…In recent years, the use of sports data has been rising. Recent contributions include: Stoecker, Sanders and Barreca (2016), who examine the impact of influenza transmission on mortality by looking at local sports team success through the participation in Super Bowl of the National Football League (NFL) 3 ; Hanson, Jolly and Peterson (2017), who exploit a difference-indifferences framework in order to examine the effects of the 'Crown of the Helmet Rule' on players' injuries in the NFL 4 ; and Leive (2018) who compares mortality between Gold and Silver medallists in Olympic Track and Field. Last but not least, Mange and Philips (2016) use data on Major League Baseball players subject to the Vietnam War draft to show how early career interruptions can lead to persistently lower performance.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anterior and posterior rectus abdominis sheath stiffness in relation to diastasis recti: Abdominal wall training or not?

Wingerden

Ronchetti²,

Sneiders

et al. 2020

Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies

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How are top earners affected by productivity shocks? We address this question using a unique longitudinal data set on the universe of professional football players in the Italian Serie A, representing 20% of top earners in Italy. We use traumatic injuries and adopt an IV strategy to provide causal estimates of the impact of productivity shocks on several labour market outcomes. We find that a 30-day injury substantially affects the probability of contract renegotiation and reduces net wages by around 12%. We show that this large penalty is due to employer's precautionary motives rather than to shock-induced reduction in current player's performance.

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Safety regulation in professional football: Empirical evidence of intended and unintended consequences

Cited by 14 publications

References 8 publications

Winning at all costs: a review of risk-taking behaviour and sporting injury from an occupational safety and health perspective

Winning at all costs: a review of risk-taking behaviour and sporting injury from an occupational safety and health perspective

Defining Exposures in Professional Football: Professional American-Style Football Players as an Occupational Cohort

Anterior and posterior rectus abdominis sheath stiffness in relation to diastasis recti: Abdominal wall training or not?

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