Safety of Gardening on Lead- and Arsenic-Contaminated Urban Brownfields

Defoe, Phillip P.; Hettiarachchi, Ganga M.; Benedict, Christopher; Martin, Sabine

doi:10.2134/jeq2014.03.0099

Cited by 65 publications

(51 citation statements)

References 72 publications

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“…Consistent with previous research [31,32], plant TF data indicated that the garden plants in this study tended to concentrate As from soils in tissues more heavily than Pb across the range of observed soil As and Pb concentrations, with As TFs averaging 0.105 compared to an average Pb TF of 0.056. The higher concentrations of Pb than As in plant tissues observed in this study, therefore, were likely a result of the higher total Pb concentrations in the garden soils as compared to As, averaging 30.3 and 6.9 mg/kg for soil Pb and As respectively.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Total and Bioaccessible Soil Arsenic and Lead Levels and Plant Uptake in Three Urban Community Gardens in Puerto Rico

Misenheimer¹,

Nelson

Huertas

et al. 2018

Geosciences

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Arsenic (As) and lead (Pb) are two contaminants of concern associated with urban gardening. In Puerto Rico, data currently is limited on As and Pb levels in urban garden soils, soil metal (loid) bioaccessibility, and uptake of As and Pb in soil by edible plants grown in the region. This study examined total and bioaccessible soil As and Pb concentrations and accumulation in 10 commonly grown garden plants collected from three urban community gardens in Puerto Rico. Bioavailability values were predicted using bioaccessibility data to compare site-specific bioavailability estimates to commonly used default exposure assumptions. Total and bioaccessible As levels in study soils ranged from 2 to 55 mg/kg and 1 to 18 mg/kg, respectively. Total and bioaccessible Pb levels ranged from 19 to 172 mg/kg and 17 to 97 mg/kg, respectively. Measured bioaccessibility values corresponded to 19% to 42% bioaccessible As and 61% to 100% bioaccessible Pb when expressed as a percent of total As and Pb respectively. Predicted relative percent bioavailability of soil As and Pb based on measured bioaccessibility values ranged from 18% to 36% and 51% to 85% for As and Pb respectively. Transfer factors (TFs) measuring uptake of As in plants from soil ranged from 0 to 0.073 in the edible flesh (fruit or vegetable) of plant tissues analyzed and 0.073 to 0.444 in edible leaves. Pb TFs ranged from 0.002 to 0.012 in flesh and 0.023 to 0.204 in leaves. Consistent with TF values, leaves accumulated higher concentrations of As and Pb than the flesh, with the highest tissue concentrations observed in the culantro leaf (3.2 mg/kg dw of As and 8.9 mg/kg dw of Pb). Leaves showed a general but not statistically-significant (α = 0.05) trend of increased As and Pb concentration with increased soil levels, while no trend was observed for flesh tissues. These findings provide critical data that can improve accuracy and reduce uncertainty when conducting site-specific risk determination of potential As and Pb exposure while gardening or consuming garden produce in the understudied region of Puerto Rico.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Total and Bioaccessible Soil Arsenic and Lead Levels and Plant Uptake in Three Urban Community Gardens in Puerto Rico

Misenheimer¹,

Nelson

Huertas

et al. 2018

Geosciences

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“…These thresholds are likely to be site-specific because of the effect that local soil properties and contaminant source have on plant availability of Pb and As. For example, two recent studies (Attanayake et al 2015, Defoe et al 2014) showed very limited As uptake into root crops and leafy vegetables, even though soil total arsenic concentrations at study sites were as high as 95 and 146 mg kg −1 . Arsenic contamination from lead arsenate pesticides may represent a higher level of bioavailability than forms of As from some other contaminant sources (e.g., certain brownfield sites).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 88%

Arsenic and Lead Uptake by Vegetable Crops Grown on an Old Orchard Site Amended with Compost

McBride

Shayler

Russell-Anelli

et al. 2015

Water Air Soil Pollut

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The potential for lead (Pb) and arsenic (As) transfer into vegetables was studied on old orchard land contaminated by lead arsenate pesticides. Root (carrot), leafy (lettuce), and vegetable fruits (green bean, tomato) were grown on seven “miniplots” with soil concentrations ranging from near background to ≈ 800 and ≈ 200 mg kg−1 of total Pb and As, respectively. Each miniplot was divided into sub-plots and amended with 0% (control), 5% and 10% (by weight) compost and cropped for 3 years. Edible portions of each vegetable were analyzed for total Pb and As to test the effect of organic matter on transfer of these toxic elements into the crop. Vegetable Pb and As concentrations were strongly correlated to soil total Pb and As, respectively, but not to soil organic matter content or compost addition level. For Pb vegetable concentrations, carrot ≥ lettuce > bean > tomato. For As, lettuce > carrot > bean > tomato. A complementary single-year study of lettuce, arugula, spinach, and collards revealed a beneficial effect of compost in reducing both Pb and As concentrations in leafy vegetables. Comparisons of all measured vegetable concentrations to international health-based standards indicate that tomatoes can be grown without exceeding standards even in substantially Pb- and As-contaminated soils, but carrots and leafy greens may exceed standards when grown in soils with more than 100–200 mg kg−1 Pb. Leafy greens may also exceed health-based standards in gardens where soil As is elevated, with arugula having a particularly strong tendency to accumulate As.

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“…The commutability of reference materials to anticipated samples is critical in decreasing measurement uncertainty. This study was focused on soils with heavy metal (primarily Pb) concentrations similar in magnitude to previous urban geochemistry and urban agriculture studies (Finster et al 2004, Clark et al 2006, 2008, Defoe et al 2014, Hu et al 2014, McBride et al 2014, Sharma et al 2015. Therefore, five commercially available NIST soil reference materials encompassing a continuum in heavy metal concentrations, organic carbon and mineralogy likely to be found in urban soils were selected for characterisation.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Forty‐Nine Major and Trace Element Concentrations Measured in Soil Reference Materials NIST SRM 2586, 2587, 2709a, 2710a and 2711a Using ICP‐MS and Wavelength Dispersive‐XRF

Byers

McHenry

Grundl

2016

Geostandard Geoanalytic Res

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Excellent agreement was noted in the concentration of major and trace elements in five NIST (National Institute for Science and Technology) soil reference materials (NIST SRM 2586, 2587, 2709a, 2710a and 2711a between measurement results from wavelength dispersive-XRF and ICP-MS from two independent laboratories, and NIST certificate of analysis and literature data. We describe the variability in concentrations of up to forty-nine elements (plus loss on ignition) and provide values for up to twentyone elements previously uncharacterised by NIST in these soil RMs. The additional characterisation provided in this investigation can be utilised to reduce the measurement bias of custom calibration routines and improve the quality of control checks developed using these NIST RMs.Keywords: National Institute for Science and Technology, inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence, WD-XRF, calibration materials, soil, urban agriculture. Un accord excellent a et e not e pour la concentration des el ements majeurs et en trace dans cinq mat eriaux de r ef erence de NIST (Institut national de la science et de la technologie; NIST SRM 2586, 2587, 2709a, 2710a et 2711a) entre les r esultats de mesure de WD-XRF et ICP-MS de deux laboratoires ind ependants, et les certificats d'analyse NIST et des articles scientifiques publi es. Nous d ecrivons la variabilit e des concentrations allant jusqu' a quarante-neuf el ements (plus la perte au feu). En outre, nous fournissons des valeurs pour un maximum de vingt et un des el ements pr ec edemment caract eris es par le NIST dans ces mat eriaux de r ef erence du sol. La caract erisation suppl ementaire fournie dans cette enquête peutêtre utilis e pour r eduire le biais de mesure des routines d' etalonnage personnalis es et d'am eliorer la qualit e des contrôles d evelopp es en utilisant ces mat eriaux de r ef erence. Mots-clés : Institut national de la science et de la technologie, spectrom etrie de masse coupl ee a une torche a plasma, fluorescence X et dispersion en longueur d'onde, mat eriaux d' etalonnage, sol, l'agriculture urbaine.

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Safety of Gardening on Lead- and Arsenic-Contaminated Urban Brownfields

Cited by 65 publications

References 72 publications

Total and Bioaccessible Soil Arsenic and Lead Levels and Plant Uptake in Three Urban Community Gardens in Puerto Rico

Total and Bioaccessible Soil Arsenic and Lead Levels and Plant Uptake in Three Urban Community Gardens in Puerto Rico

Arsenic and Lead Uptake by Vegetable Crops Grown on an Old Orchard Site Amended with Compost

Forty‐Nine Major and Trace Element Concentrations Measured in Soil Reference Materials NIST SRM 2586, 2587, 2709a, 2710a and 2711a Using ICP‐MS and Wavelength Dispersive‐XRF

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