Safety issues to be taken into account in designing future nuclear fusion facilities

Perrault, Didier

doi:10.1016/j.fusengdes.2015.10.012

Cited by 23 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…The maximum offsite dose induced by radioactive liquid and gaseous effluents is around 2.3 μSv/year. 41 For DEMO and beyond, the presence of the larger amount of tritium, larger volumes of cooling water and more release paths, is expected to lead to an increase in radioactive materials released into the environment under routine operations. Therefore, the release target of DEMO and beyond could be higher than ITER.…”

Section: Routine Releases Of Radioactive Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, doses caused by HTO and HT releases under normal operations are typically less than 3 μSv/year for PHWRs in Canada 40 . For ITER, the annual tritium releases as gas in years of heavy maintenance, which mainly come from the degassing of internal components in the vacuum vessel and in the hot cell, should not more than 2.5 g, while in other years the limit is 0.6 g of tritium 41 . Liquid effluents from the ITER will be mainly the slightly tritiated liquid effluents, which come from the air detritiation systems and the treatment of water from the cooling systems.…”

Section: Quantitative Safety Goals Proposed For Fusion Reactorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Quantitative safety goals for fusion power plants: Rationales and suggestions

Wang

Chen

et al. 2021

Int J Energy Res

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Section: Routine Releases Of Radioactive Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Quantitative Safety Goals Proposed For Fusion Reactorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantitative safety goals for fusion power plants: Rationales and suggestions

Wang

Chen

et al. 2021

Int J Energy Res

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“…The safety of nuclear fusion systems has to be proved and verified by a systematic analysis of the system behavior under operational transients and accidental conditions [e.g., loss of coolant accidents (Rivas et al, 2015)], and the corresponding (safety) issues and gaps have to be highlighted (Perrault, 2016;Wu et al, 2016). Indeed, contamination from radioactive sources (e.g., tritium and the materials activated by the neutrons produced by the fusion reactions) must be avoided for the operators and public safety, and for the environment (Taylor and Cortes, 2014;Taylor et al, 2017).…”

Section: Figure 1 the Iter Tf Magnets (Iter)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Integrated deterministic and probabilistic safety assessment of a superconducting magnet cryogenic cooling circuit for nuclear fusion applications

Bellaera

Bonifetto

Maio

et al. 2020

Reliability Engineering & System Safety

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The most promising configuration of a nuclear energy fusion system is the tokamak, the largest of which, called ITER, is under construction in Cadarache, France, which uses a complex system of superconducting magnets to generate a field of several tesla (T), aimed at confining the plasma in the toroidal chamber where nuclear fusion reactions occur. For industrial development, the safety of nuclear fusion systems has to be proved and verified by a systematic analysis of operational transients and accidental conditions. Although the final aim of fusion reactors is to reach steady state operation, present-day tokamaks present complex dynamic features, as their operation is based on the transformer principle with a subset of the superconducting magnets operating in a pulsed mode, to inductively generate plasma currents of the order of several MA. We adopt the framework of Integrated Deterministic and Probabilistic Safety Assessment (IDPSA), for identifying the component failures that may cause a Loss-Of-Flow-Accident (LOFA) in the cooling circuit of a superconducting magnet for fusion applications. Post-processing of the simulated scenarios for the identification of the abnormal transients is performed in an unsupervised manner resorting to a spectral clustering approach embedding a Fuzzy-C Means (FCM) that is compared with an Extended Symbolic Aggregate approXimation (ESAX) from the literature that also resorts to the FCM for the classification.The proposed approach turns out to be more efficient than ESAX in the identification of clusters and "prototypical states" of abnormal system behavior. Results show that none of the identified scenarios (even those leading to a LOFA) are critical for the ITER central solenoid module integrity, in the mode of operation considered.

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“…Although fusion power plants will release small quantities of tritium to within already defined limits, they will not produce greenhouse gases or other air pollutants [34]. As a result, the environmental impacts associated with nuclear fusion power plants will instead be primarily attributed to construction, operation and maintenance, including fuel supply chains, and waste disposal.…”

Section: Environmental Impactsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nuclear Fusion Power Plants

Takeda¹,

Pearson²

2019

Power Plants in the Industry

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Nuclear fusion, the process that powers the sun and the stars, is heralded as the ultimate energy source for the future of mankind. The promise of nuclear fusion to provide clean and safe energy, while having abundant fuel resources continues to drive global research and development. However, the goal of reaching so-called "breakeven" energy conditions, whereby the energy produced from a fusion reaction is greater than the energy put in, is yet to be demonstrated. It is the role of ITER, an international collaborative experimental reactor, to achieve breakeven conditions and to demonstrate technologies that will allow fusion to be realized as a viable energy source. However, with significant delays and cost overruns to ITER, there has been increased interest in the development of other fusion reactor concepts, particularly by private-sector start-ups, all of which are exploring the possibility of an accelerated route to fusion. This chapter gives a comprehensive overview of nuclear fusion science, and provides an account of current approaches and their progress towards the realization of future fusion energy power plants. The range of technical issues, associated technology development challenges and future commercial opportunities are explored, with a focus on magnetic confinement approaches.

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Safety issues to be taken into account in designing future nuclear fusion facilities

Cited by 23 publications

References 9 publications

Quantitative safety goals for fusion power plants: Rationales and suggestions

Quantitative safety goals for fusion power plants: Rationales and suggestions

Integrated deterministic and probabilistic safety assessment of a superconducting magnet cryogenic cooling circuit for nuclear fusion applications

Nuclear Fusion Power Plants

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