Safety in Design and Manufacturing of Extruders Used for the Continuous Processing of Energetic Formulations

Abstract

Extruders used for the continuous processing of energetic materials require various types of safety features and thus are differentiated from the extruders commonly available to civilian industries. Items of particular importance to the user include the in-process volume, control of the energetic material properties (especially temperature and pressure), the ability to quickly release pressure, reduction of metal-to-metal contact, and the control of electrical discharge. In this article, two novel extrusion platforms, the first one involving a flexible manufacturing platform and the second designed to process nanoenergetics, are described to illustrate the procedures necessary to design extrusion platforms for energetics manufacture. Particular emphasis is given to the safety features that need to be incorporated during the design stage, along with a detailed discussion of the flexibility and ease of use of extrusion equipment. The use of material-specific mathematical modeling in the design of the extrusion platforms is also elucidated as a first line of defense for safety and ease of use.

Exothermic or Endothermic Decomposition of Disubstituted Tetrazoles Tuned by Substitution Fashion and Substituents

“…Energy release under control is the central task in the area of energetic materials. − Nitrogen-rich materials are widely used in the fields of rockets, missiles, artillery, and gas-generating agents, which require the materials to have low sensitivity and produce hot gases and glowing particles in a short time. Tetrazoles are a family of nitrogen-rich heterocycles and have attracted considerable attention in many areas including pharmaceuticals, energetic materials, , porous materials, fuel cells, and so on.…”

Surface Coating of Nitroamine Explosives and Its Effects on the Performance of Composite Modified Double-Base Propellants

“…More recently, much interest has been generated on how to improve the propellant's overall properties. The main approaches include the following: 1) using advanced binders or plasticizers, such as glycidyl azide polymer [6,7] or 3,3diazidomethyloxetane [8,9]; 2) improving the particle properties of the solid fillers by reducing the particle size [10][11][12][13] or changing the particle morphology [14][15][16]; and 3) optimizing the propellant's formulation and charge structure [17,18]. An acutely popular method to improve the propellant properties is to coat its sensitive fillers.…”