Safety assessment of the ethanolic extract of Gongronema latifolium Benth. leaves: a 90-day oral toxicity study in Sprague Dawley rats

Al-Hindi, Bassel; Yusoff, Nor Adlin; Ahmad, Mariam; Atangwho, Item Justin; Asmawi, Mohd Zaini; Al-Mansoub, Majed Ahmed; Tabana, Yasser; Bello, Isabelle Cenci di; Yam, Mun Fei

doi:10.1186/s12906-019-2573-x

Cited by 14 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…GLB has been used as antidiabetic spice and vegetable in traditional folk medicine in the southern parts of Nigeria and other parts of Africa [10]. Besides, the leaves are incorporated into a tea blend that is mainly marketed to diabetes mellitus patients in the United States [16,17]. Several in vivo studies have helped to provide support for the ethnopharmacological use of GLB against hyperglycaemia, obesity, and diabetes [18][19][20].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Towards the phytochemical and biological characterization of GLB which may further support its nutritional and ethnopharmacological use in humans, several classes of phytochemicals such as: pregnanes, phytosterols, anthraquinones, and essential oils have been identified [20,[26][27][28]. Such phytochemicals, which are characterized by large-scale structures, are known to possess high efficiency and ability to bind to multifarious targets [29][30][31].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Marsectohexol and other pregnane phytochemicals derived from Gongronema latifolium as α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitors: in vitro and molecular docking studies

et al. 2020

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This study employed in vitro and in silico techniques to screen isolated pregnane phytochemicals (P1-P4), as well as their source pregnane-rich chromatographic fractions, which were derived from Gongronema latifolium Benth (GLB), for their inhibitory potentials against α-amylase, α-glucosidase, and sucrase enzyme activities. The results show that, most pregnane-rich chromatographic fractions and isolated compounds exhibited good inhibitory activities against α-amylase, and α-glucosidase enzymes. Among the isolated compounds, marsectohexol (P2) is the most favourable structure that showed inhibition against α-amylase (IC 50 = 3.712 µg/mL) when compared with the reference inhibitor, acarbose ((IC 50 = 15.418 µg/mL). Based on negative and low value of ∆G (Gibb's free energy), docking scores revealed that, marsectohexol has the highest binding affinity (− 8.8 kcal/mol) to human pancreatic α-amylase (HPA) as compared to the standard acarbose (− 8.1 kcal/mol). Marsectohexol and the other phytocompounds were also found to dock into the active site of HPA; interacting with key catalytic amino acid residues (ASP197, GLU233 and ASP300), which are known to involve in the nucleophilic, and the acid/base catalysis of the enzyme. Although, the pregnane phytocompounds have considerable high affinity binding to the human lysosomal α-glucosidase, they interacted with pockets other than the active site. In conclusion, at least, marsectohexol and three other constituent pregnane phytochemicals of GLB are potential inhibitors of the carbohydrate-hydrolyzing enzymes. These compounds may account for the anti-hyperglyceamic and antidiabetic potentials of this food herb.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Marsectohexol and other pregnane phytochemicals derived from Gongronema latifolium as α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitors: in vitro and molecular docking studies

et al. 2020

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“…Hypertrophy of the hepatic tissues was evident in the experimental rat groups administered with comparatively high doses of PE and EA fractions of O. gratissimum leaf extract. Specifically, the increase in liverbody weight ratio of the experimental rat groups administered with PE and EA fractions of O. gratissimum leaf extract was an indication of hepatocellular hypertrophy, inflammation and fibrosis, with resultant hepatic dysfunction as previously described 15,55 . Empirical investigations showed that hepatic hypertrophy is primarily the manifestation of accumulation of lipids as well as other connecting pathologic factors 55 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 62%

“…Elevations of plasma low threshold substances in the blood are indicative of compromised renal function. The kidney function test (KFT) measures plasma creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels, among other blood indicators, such that their raised levels in the blood are diagnostic of presentation and progression of renal disease 15 . The renal/kidney function test indicators are applied in monitoring the efficacy of therapeutic intervention against compromised renal function 14 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acute dysfunctional status of hepatorenal tissues of rats administered with leaf extracts of Ocimum gratissimum L. (Lamiaceae)

et al. 2020

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Background: Given the vast medicinal properties of Ocimum gratissimum, the present study evaluated, in comparative terms, the acute dysfunctional status of hepatorenal tissues of Wistar rats administered with petroleum ether (PE) and ethyl acetate (EA) leaf extracts of O. gratissimum. Methods: Grouping of the experimental rats was assigned according to the treatments given, in which graded doses {200, 400, 600 and 800 mg/kg body weight (b.w.)} of PE and EA fractions of O. gratissimum leaf extract were administered to the rats by oral gavage on a daily basis for a period of 21 days. Serum levels of hepatorenal tissues biomarkers were measured using standard spectrophotometric methods. The organ-to-body weight ratio of the rats was measured on the 21st day of the experiment. Results: Serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) to alanine aminotransferase (ALT) ratio (i.e. AST/ALT) of the experimental rat groups was found to be within the range of 0.919 – 1.022 unit. The experimental rat groups administered with PE and EA fractions of O. gratissimum leaf extract showed dose-dependent increasing levels of serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity. Likewise, rat groups administered with the herbal extracts exhibited increasing serum total bilirubin, urea and creatinine concentrations, in a dose-dependent manner. At the end of the 21-day treatment period, all the experimental rat groups showed increase in body weight, ranging from 0.79 – 1.98% increase. The liver weight and kidney weight to body weight ratios were within the range of (0.0468 0.02 – 0.0981 0.04) unit and (0.00245 0.002 – 0.01968 0.007) unit, respectively. Conclusion: The results showed that doses of PE and EA fractions of O. gratissimum leaf extract greater than 400 mg/kg b.w. induced dose-dependent hepatorenal toxicity, with the EA fraction provoking greater toxicity than the PE fraction of O. gratissimum leaf extract.

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“…Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats have been widely used to study toxicities of medicinal herbs [13]. In the present study, in order to provide guidance for the clinical use of HS, we tested the 24-week oral dosing toxicities of HS in SD rats.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Twenty-four-week oral dosing toxicities of Herba Siegesbeckiae in rats

Chan

Guo

et al. 2020

BMC Complement Med Ther

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Background Herba Siegesbeckiae (HS), the dried aerial parts of Siegesbeckia orientalis L., S. pubescens Makino, or S. glabrescens Makino, is traditionally used for treating chronic diseases in China. However, there is no information about the chronic toxicity of HS. The objective of this study is to evaluate the 24-week oral dosing toxicities of HS aqueous extract (HSE) in rats. Methods S. orientalis-originated HS was reflux-extracted with distilled water. Sprague–Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups, with 10 males and 10 females in each group. The rats were intragastrically administered with HSE at 5, 1.67 and 0.56 g/kg (experimental groups) or an equal volume of distilled water (control group), 6 days a week, for 24 weeks. The high dose of HSE (5 g/kg) was its maximum tolerated dose. Body weight was recorded every 2 days during the experimental period. Chemical, hematological and histopathological parameters, as well as organ weights, were measured at the end of the experiment. Results Decreased body weight gain; increased liver and lung relative weights; histopathological alterations in liver and lung tissues; elevated serum levels of alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase and lactate dehydrogenase were found after HSE treatments. In liver tissues, HSE treatment upregulated levels of three pro-inflammatory cytokines: IL-6, IL-1β and TNF-α. In lung tissues, HSE treatment caused oxidative stress and activated mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs). Conclusion Long-term oral administration of HSE caused toxicities in rats evidenced by decreased body weight gain, as well as liver and lung damage. Treatment-induced oxidative stress, inflammation and MAPK activation are involved in HSE’s toxicities. Caution should be taken when using HS to treat chronic diseases.

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Safety assessment of the ethanolic extract of Gongronema latifolium Benth. leaves: a 90-day oral toxicity study in Sprague Dawley rats

Cited by 14 publications

References 47 publications

Marsectohexol and other pregnane phytochemicals derived from Gongronema latifolium as α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitors: in vitro and molecular docking studies

Marsectohexol and other pregnane phytochemicals derived from Gongronema latifolium as α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitors: in vitro and molecular docking studies

Acute dysfunctional status of hepatorenal tissues of rats administered with leaf extracts of Ocimum gratissimum L. (Lamiaceae)

Twenty-four-week oral dosing toxicities of Herba Siegesbeckiae in rats

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