Safety assessment of propyl paraben: a review of the published literature

Soni, Madhusudan G.; Burdock, George A.; Taylor, Stephen L; Greenberg, Norman A.

doi:10.1016/s0278-6915(00)00162-9

Cited by 276 publications

(221 citation statements)

References 84 publications

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“…3; Table 1), only their total content can be determined and should be expressed as an amount of PHB. This procedure is recommended by the EU Directives 95/2/EC and 76/768/ EEC and is described in literature [1,3,29,30].…”

Section: Voltammetry At Microelectrodesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid (PHB), commonly known as parabens, are extensively used as preservatives in pharmaceuticals [1][2][3][4], cosmetics [1][2][3][5][6][7][8][9], and foodstuffs [1][2][3][10][11][12][13]. Their molecular structures are shown in Scheme 1.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Since microbial replication generally occurs in the water phase of oil/water systems, the amount of parabens dissolved in water determines their preservative efficiency. In order to increase this efficiency, they are often used in combination of two or more parabens with different lipophilicity properties [1][2][3]16]. Mixtures of MP and PP (less and more lipophilic, respectively) are the most commonly used preservatives because of their synergistic effect [3,5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Nevertheless, another study reported that parabens are safe for the human health [1-3, 5, 26-28]. Soni et al [1] claimed that parabens are innocuous preservatives, they are practically non-toxic, non-irritating, non-sensitizing, and non-carcinogenic. The benefit/risk ratio for the use of parabens is high, and thus they must be used to guarantee the stability and safety of products.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They can then be used as preservatives in cosmetics up to the maximum concentration of 0.4 % for one ester and up to 0.8 % (w/w) for their mixtures, expressed as PHB. The limited use of these compounds in foodstuffs and drugs should not exceed 0.1 and 1 % (w/w), respectively [1][2][3]. Considering the controversial and not fully explained influence of parabens on the human health, it is very important to continue the investigations of their properties, including their electrochemical properties.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Anodic oxidation of parabens in acetic acid–acetonitrile solutions

Michałkiewicz

2012

J Appl Electrochem

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The electrochemical properties of esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid, called parabens, were investigated on a carbon fiber microelectrode and on a glassy carbon macroelectrode in glacial acetic acid containing 20 % acetonitrile (v/v) and sodium acetate as a supporting electrolyte. The anodic oxidation of parabens in this medium proceeds in a single stage giving well-shaped peaks or waves in the same potential region of above 1.0 V (vs. Ag/AgCl). The electrode process was characterized as being quasireversible, diffusion-controlled, and proceeds with the exchange of one electron and one proton. Phenoxyl radicals as products of the electrode process are chemically unstable and participate in the successive irreversible homogenous reactions resulting in electroinactive products (E q C i mechanism). Smaller oxidation potentials for parabens in comparison to such unsaturated fatty acids as oleic, linoleic, and linolenic ones indicate that these compounds can show antioxidative properties. Since parabens are often used as preservatives in many products, the results presented can be found useful in the determination of their total content in real samples.

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Section: Voltammetry At Microelectrodesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Anodic oxidation of parabens in acetic acid–acetonitrile solutions

Michałkiewicz

2012

J Appl Electrochem

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Rossi¹,

Desiderio²

2002

Electrophoresis

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A fast capillary electrochromatographic method was developed for the analysis of paraben preservatives in drugs and cosmetics in the presence of their main metabolite and/or impurity, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid. The separation was optimized in a 75 num ID capillary, fully packed with 5 num C18 stationary phase, studying the effects of mobile phase pH and composition (buffer type and organic solvent content). The mobile phase 5 mM ammonium formate, pH 3.0, containing 65% acetonitrile allowed us to obtain the baseline separation of methyl-, ethyl-, propyl-, butyl-, and benzylparabens from a mixture in less than 2.5 min with repeatability and linearity using the short-end injection method (8 cm separation capillary effective length). Under the optimum experimental conditions, the method provided high separation efficiency for parabens, in the range of 129 312-140 325 number of theoretical plates per meter, and analyte quantitation limits (LOQs) in the range of 1.25-2.50 nug/mL. The method was successfully applied to the quantitative analysis of paraben preservatives in pharmaceutical and cosmetic industrial samples with direct injection or after reduced sample pretreatment.

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Polyphosphazene Vaccine Delivery Vehicles: State of Development and Perspectives

Andrianov

2008

Polyphosphazenes for Biomedical Applications

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Safety assessment of propyl paraben: a review of the published literature

Cited by 276 publications

References 84 publications

Anodic oxidation of parabens in acetic acid–acetonitrile solutions

Anodic oxidation of parabens in acetic acid–acetonitrile solutions

Untitled

Polyphosphazene Vaccine Delivery Vehicles: State of Development and Perspectives

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