Safety Assessment of Methanol Extract ofMelastoma malabathricumL. Leaves following the Subacute and Subchronic Oral Consumptions in Rats and Its Cytotoxic Effect against the HT29 Cancer Cell Line

Abstract

Methanol extract of Melastoma malabathricum (MEMM) has been traditionally used by the Malay to treat various ailments. In an attempt to develop the plant as an herbal product, MEMM was subjected to the subacute and subchronic toxicity and cytotoxicity studies. On the one hand, the subacute study was performed on three groups of male and three groups of female rats (n = 6), which were orally administered with 8% Tween 80 (vehicle control group) or MEMM (500 and 1000 mg/kg) daily for 28 days, respectively. On the other hand, the subchronic study was performed on four groups of rats (n = 6), which were orally administered with 8% Tween 80 (vehicle control group) or MEMM (50, 250, and 500 mg/kg) daily for 90 days, respectively. In the in vitro study, the cytotoxic effect of MEMM against the HT29 colon cancer cell line was assessed using the MTT assay. MEMM was also subjected to the UHPLC-ESI-HRMS analysis. The results demonstrated that MEMM administration did not cause any mortality, irregularity of behaviour, modification in body weight, as well as food and water intake following the subacute and subchronic oral treatment. There were no significant differences observed in haematological parameters between treatment and control groups in both studies, respectively. The in vitro study demonstrated that MEMM exerts a cytotoxic effect against the HT29 colon cancer cell line when observed under the inverted and phase-contrast microscope and confirmed by the acridine orange/propidium iodide (AOPI) staining. The UHPLC-ESI-HRMS analysis of MEMM demonstrated the occurrence of several compounds including quercetin, p-coumaric acid, procyanidin A, and epigallocatechin. In conclusion, M. malabathricum leaves are safe for oral consumption either at the subacute or subchronic levels and possess cytotoxic action against the HT29 colon cancer cells possibly due to the synergistic action of several flavonoid-based compounds.

A Pilot Safety Assessment for Recombinant Epinephelus lanceolatus Piscidin Yeast Powder as a Drug Food Additive after Subacute and Subchronic Administration to SD Rats

“…Typical toxicity endpoints for long-term exposure studies are organ damage [16,17], tissue fibrosis [16,17], and hematological and biochemical parameters [15,18,19]. Subacute and subchronic toxicity assays are widely used to determine whether frequent exposure to a substance causes adverse effects [20]. Therefore, in order to better define the safety profile of RELP, SD rats were fed with RELP for 28 and 90 days; bodyweight, food intake, histopathology, and hematological and biochemical parameters were monitored.…”

Anticarcinogenic activity of methanol extract of Melastoma malabathricum leaves is attributed to the presence of phenolics compounds and the activation of endogenous antioxidant system

“…Since M. malabathricum leaves, particularly MEMM, possess significant antioxidant and antiinflammatory activities as mentioned above, the plant's leaves/its extract was earlier proposed to also possess a chemopreventive activity based on the well-acknowledged link between oxidative stress, inflammation and carcinogenesis (Valko et al, 2007;Lu, 2007). Interestingly, in our earlier investigation using the in vitro model, MEMM was found to exert cytotoxic activity against the HT-29 colon cancer cell line (Kamsani et al, 2019). Taking this finding into consideration, the present study was designed to investigate on the potential of MEMM to attenuate colon carcinogenesis using the in vivo azoxymethane (AOM)-induced colon cancer in rat model.…”

“…Detailed procedure to prepare MEMM can be found in a report by Kamsani et al (2019). Briefly, the dried leaves powder of M. malabathricum (200g) was macerated in methanol (1:20 (w/v)) for 72 hours.…”

“…Phytochemicals constituents of MEMM was earlier analysed using the UHPLC-ESI-MS methods and the detailed procedure has been described elsewhere (Kamsani et al, 2019). Several phenolic-based phytoconstituents have been identified and will be discussed in the Results section.…”

Aqueous Leaf Extract of Senduduk (Melastoma malabathricum L.) Could Improve the Physicochemical Properties of Beef Sausage Dough

“…Many researchers reported that the SLE contains the phenolic compounds which be able to scavenge free radical and inhibit the oxidation process, as well as anti-bacteria both in vitro and in vivo assay (Alnajar et al, 2012;Alwash et al, 2014;Wong et al, 2012;Zakaria et al, 2011). Even, SLE does not cause any acute toxicity and safety (Alnajar et al, 2012;Alwash et al, 2014;Kamsani et al, 2019). For food purposes, Suharyanto et al (2019) noted that the maceration using water as a solvent also yielded SLE containing phenolic substances and could inhibit the bacteria growth.…”