Safety assessment of high fructose corn syrup (HFCS) as an ingredient added to cigarette tobacco

Stavanja, Mari S.; Ayres, Paul H.; Meckley, Daniel R.; Bombick, Elizabeth R.; Borgerding, Michael F.; Morton, Michael J.; Garner, Charles D.; Pence, Deborah H.; Swauger, James E.

doi:10.1016/j.etp.2005.10.003

Cited by 18 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…There were increases (up to 40%) in smoke formaldehyde concentrations for nearly all of the ingredients, which were generally consistent with the increases (up to 63%) in formaldehyde seen in the exposure atmosphere for those ingredients tested in 90-day rat smoke inhalation studies. The increase in formaldehyde seen for these ingredients is consistent with previous ingredient mixture studies (Baker et al 2004 a,b,c;Rustemeier et al 2002) and single ingredient Toxicity of carbohydrates and natural products added to cigarettes 31 Toxicity of carbohydrates and natural products added to cigarettes 33 studies (Stavanja et al 2003(Stavanja et al , 2006. However, these increased formaldehyde levels were not reflected in increased toxicity as measured by the in vitro assays (cytotoxicity and Salmonella mutagenicity) or any of the endpoints measured in the 90-day smoke inhalation studies.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

“…Each of the ten 90-day smoke inhalation studies showed minimal differences between groups, and in no case was there a statistically significant dose relationship between inclusion level and increased severity score. Results for two of the ingredients (HY and HFCS) were very similar to those noted in previous biological assays with these ingredients at lower inclusion levels (Stavanja et al 2003(Stavanja et al , 2006.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 84%

“…HFCS was also tested (Stavanja et al, 2006) at inclusion levels of 3% and 5% in a detailed analysis with the same multiple toxicological endpoints (smoke chemistry determinations, Salmonella mutagenicity testing, sister chromatid exchange, mouse skin painting study, 90-day rodent inhalation study). Based upon similar data as obtained with honey, the authors concluded there was no difference in biological activity between 5% HFCS and 3% corn syrup/invert sugar.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A comprehensive evaluation of the toxicology of cigarette ingredients: carbohydrates and natural products

Coggins¹,

Wagner

Werley

et al. 2011

Inhalation Toxicology

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 84%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A comprehensive evaluation of the toxicology of cigarette ingredients: carbohydrates and natural products

Coggins¹,

Wagner

Werley

et al. 2011

Inhalation Toxicology

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“…, and studies using individual ingredients added at different rates to experimental cigarettes (Gaworski et al, 1997;Heck et al, 2002;Stavanja et al, 2003;Stavanja et al, 2006). When individual ingredients are tested, instead of mixtures, it is possible to use higher inclusion rates, thus increasing the probability that the effects of the ingredient itself can be detected.…”

mentioning

confidence: 97%

Toxicological Comparisons of Cigarettes Containing Different Amounts of Vanillin

Lemus

Carmines

Miert³

et al. 2007

Inhalation Toxicology

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Vanillin is a flavoring agent used in cigarettes. Previous toxicological examinations of the effects on the addition of vanillin to tobacco used mixtures with several other flavoring agents. In the present work, toxicological comparisons were made of experimental cigarettes containing no added vanillin against otherwise similar cigarettes with three different amounts of vanillin added to the tobacco. The main toxicological comparison was a subchronic inhalation study with mainstream smoke in Sprague-Dawley rats (exposures of 150 mg/m3 of total particulate matter, 6 h exposure per day, for 90 consecutive days). Vanillin concentrations in the tobacco of the 4 cigarette types at the end of the study were 0, 67, 1233, and 3109 ppm. Additional studies with mainstream smoke were Salmonella mutagenicity (5 bacterial strains, both with and without metabolic activation, particulate phase only), cytotoxicity of both particulate and gas/vapor phases (using the neutral red uptake assay), and analytical chemistry (49 analytes, including 5 metals). Similar responses were seen across the four cigarette types, and the responses were similar to those previously described in the scientific literature. At the same smoke concentration, the inhalation exposures produced effectively the same responses, in each of the four groups. Most of the changes produced in the 90 days of exposure were resolved in a 42-day postinhalation period. The addition of vanillin to tobacco at inclusion rates up to 3109 ppm did not influence a broad range of toxicological endpoints.

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“…The results of the investigation demonstrated that honey instead of invert sugar as casing material did not alter the overall toxicity of cigarette mainstream smoke. Using a comparable test strategy the toxicity of high fructose corn syrup was evaluated (447). The effects of this casing material on mainstream cigarette smoke were compared to corn syrup/invert sugar (control).…”

Section: Sugarsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Additives on Cigarette Related Health Risks

Klus¹,

Scherer²,

Müller

2012

Beiträge Zur Tabakforschung International/Contributions to Tobacco Research

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Tobacco additives play an important role in the manufacturing and for the quality of tobacco products, particularly cigarettes and roll-your-own tobaccos. Attention is increasingly given to the potential effects of additives on consumer behavior and health. This review is intended to compile, collate and - to some degree - evaluate the wealth of pertinent scientific information available from the published literature and other special sources. At first, the reasons are set forth for the use of additives in cigarette manufacturing. In response to the growing controversy over the attractiveness and addictiveness of smoking, the clarification of terms and concepts is followed by a detailed discussion of two kinds of substances with particular relevance: Additives like ammonium compounds that are claimed to increase nicotine availability, and additives that are claimed to increase nicotine addictiveness.The composition and toxicity of mainstream smoke of cigarettes with and without additives are assessed in several respects. The potentials of pyrolysis studies are explored by looking at a number of key studies and some basic considerations regarding in vitro and in vivo toxicity testing are addressed. Five major literature reviews on additives published between 1994 and 2004, and the results of several comprehensive experimental studies covering a large range of additives, released between 2002 and 2012, are dealt with in detail. Single tobacco additives of particular importance (menthol, glycerol, 1,2-propylene glycol, sorbitol, sugars, cocoa, licorice, citric acid, triacetin, and ammonium compounds) are discussed in dedicated chapters, which are generally subdivided into special sections: Use and toxicological assessment; inclusion level in cigarettes, transfer and pyrolysis; attractiveness and addictiveness; effect on cigarette mainstream smoke composition; effect on cigarette mainstream smoke toxicity. Epidemiological findings and data obtained by the biomonitoring of smokers consuming cigarettes with and without additives are compiled and interpreted specifically for American blend cigarettes, Virginia cigarettes, “French” (dark) cigarettes and menthol cigarettes whereby the focus is on the effects of additives on smoking topography and potential health risks.Opinionated reviews were published in recent years that are compromised by arbitrary selection of sources and unbalanced views. Leaving those unconsidered, the aggregated scientific knowledge shows that tobacco additives have only occasional and limited effects on cigarette mainstream smoke composition, which are almost never reflected in the results of toxicological in vitro assays or in vivo studies. This supports the conclusion that tobacco additives are not likely to increase the known health risks of smoking. There is also no evidence for sustaining claims that certain additives increase nicotine availability or nicotine addictiveness.

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Safety assessment of high fructose corn syrup (HFCS) as an ingredient added to cigarette tobacco

Cited by 18 publications

References 19 publications

A comprehensive evaluation of the toxicology of cigarette ingredients: carbohydrates and natural products

A comprehensive evaluation of the toxicology of cigarette ingredients: carbohydrates and natural products

Toxicological Comparisons of Cigarettes Containing Different Amounts of Vanillin

Influence of Additives on Cigarette Related Health Risks

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