Safety assessment of esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid (parabens)

Soni, Madhusudan G.; Carabin, Ioana G.; Burdock, George A.

doi:10.1016/j.fct.2005.01.020

Cited by 855 publications

(582 citation statements)

References 137 publications

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“…The phenols evaluated in this study or, in the case of the dichlorophenols, their parent compounds, rapidly metabolize in the body after exposure through Phase I and/or Phase II biotransformations before excretion in the urine (5,(42)(43)(44)(45). Both conjugated and free species have been used as valid biomarkers of exposure to the parent compounds (6,9,46).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Concentrations of Bisphenol A and Seven Other Phenols in Pooled Sera from 3–11 Year Old Children: 2001–2002 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

Zhou

Wong

et al. 2012

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Concerns exist regarding children's exposure to bisphenol A (BPA) and other phenols because of the higher sensitivity, compared to adults, of children's developing organs to endocrine disruptors. Several studies reported the urinary concentrations of these phenols in children, but data on levels of these compounds in children's serum are limited. We present here the total (free plus conjugated) and free concentrations of BPA and seven other phenols in 24 pooled serum samples prepared from individual specimens collected from 936 children 3-11 years old who participated in the 2001-2002 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. We detected benzophenone-3, triclosan, 2,4-dichlorophenol, 2,5-dichlorophenol, and three parabens in at least 60% of the pools suggesting children's exposure to these compounds or their precursors. Conjugated phenols were the major species. However, although many previous studies have shown widespread detection of BPA in children's urine, we only detected total or free BPA in 3 and 2 pooled serum samples, respectively, at concentrations of 0.1-0.2 µg/L. The non-persistent nature of BPA and the phenols examined and the likely episodic nature of the exposures to these compounds (or their precursors) suggest that for general population biomonitoring of these nonpersistent phenols, urine, not serum or plasma, is the preferred matrix.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Concentrations of Bisphenol A and Seven Other Phenols in Pooled Sera from 3–11 Year Old Children: 2001–2002 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

Zhou

Wong

et al. 2012

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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“…Many cosmetic products, including antiperspirants, contain parabens that can be dermally absorbed. Parabens have estrogen-like properties in cell cultures, causing proliferation of estrogen-responsive cells, although they are thousands of times less potent than naturally-occurring estrogen in this regard [164][165][166]. Parabens were found to activate both estrogen receptors, ER-α and ER-β, with similar or stronger effect versus ER-β receptors [165,167,168].…”

Section: Parabensmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Parabens were found to activate both estrogen receptors, ER-α and ER-β, with similar or stronger effect versus ER-β receptors [165,167,168]. The ability of parabens to transactivate the ER in vitro increases with alkyl tail bulkiness [166]. Competitive inhibition of 17β-estradiol binding to estrogen-dependent MCF7 cell ERs could be detected at 1,000,000-fold molar excess of butylparaben (BuP, 86%), propylparaben (PrP, 77%), ethylparaben (EtP, 54%) and methylparaben (MeP, 21%).…”

Section: Parabensmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Whereas McGrath [179] in a retrospective study of 437 women diagnosed with breast cancer associated the frequency of use and early onset use of deodorants/antiperspirants with an earlier age of breast cancer diagnosis, further two researcher groups [180,181] did not found association between underarm antiperspirant/deodorant use and an increased risk of breast cancer, probably due to rapid metabolization and excretion of parabens from the human body [166]. The increased proportion of breast tissue in the upper, outer quadrant of the breast could explain the higher incidence of breast tumours in this quadrant [182].…”

Section: Parabensmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Impact of Environmental Contaminants on Breast Cancer / Wpływ Zanieczyszczenia Środowiska Na Raka Piersi

Kráľová

Jampílek

2015

Ecological Chemistry and Engineering S

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Breast cancer is the most frequent cancer in women. It is believed that among the causes of breast cancer, hereditary factors account for only 5-10% of risk and the environmental exposures to environmental contaminants account for an additional 30-50% of risk. This paper summarizes findings related to the risk of breast cancer due to exposure to following environmental contaminants: polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls and dioxins, organochlorine pesticides, organophosphorous pesticides, bisphenol A, phthalates, parabens, organic solvents, atmospheric pollutants, alkylphenols, metals, ionizing radiation, electromagnetic field and light pollution. Results obtained in in vitro experiments with breast cancer cell lines and in vivo with model rodents as well as in population based case-control studies are presented and the mode of action of individual environmental contaminants on mammary gland is discussed. Attention is also devoted to the effects of the timing of exposure to environmental contaminants (mainly exposition during development of the mammary gland) on breast cancer risk. Outcomes of professional exposure to some environmental contaminants on breast cancer risk are analysed as well.

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“…Other than weak estrogenic activity (these parabens are 410 000-fold less potent than 17b-estradiol), neither E-4HB nor P-4HB has known biological activity and neither are carcinogenic nor teratogenic. 22 E-4HB nor P-4HB are small and inexpensive. Additionally, as benzoates are easily synthetically modified, the parabens lend themselves to combinatorial chemistry and can be paired with libraries of BXRb mutants to create new orthogonal ligand-receptor pairs or increase affinity of the currently recognized ligands.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Benzoate X receptor zinc-finger gene switches for drug-inducible regulation of transcription

2011

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Targeted zinc-finger (ZF) DNA-binding domains in conjunction with nuclear receptor ligand-binding domains (LBDs) produce chemically inducible gene switches that have applications in gene therapy and proteomic and genomic research. The benzoate X receptor-b (BXRb) LBD was used to construct homodimer and single-chain ZF transcription factors (ZF TF s). These ZF TF s specifically regulated the transcription of target genes in response to two ligands, ethyl-4-hydroxybenzoate and propyl-4-hydroxybenzoate, in a dose-dependent manner. The ZF TF s also regulated the expression of endogenous intercellular adhesion molecule-1 in response to either ligand. The advantage of BXRb-based ZF TF s is that the ligands are inexpensive and easily synthetically modified, making the system a base for creation of orthogonal ligand-receptor pairs and expanding the gene-switch toolbox.

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Safety assessment of esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid (parabens)

Cited by 855 publications

References 137 publications

Concentrations of Bisphenol A and Seven Other Phenols in Pooled Sera from 3–11 Year Old Children: 2001–2002 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

Concentrations of Bisphenol A and Seven Other Phenols in Pooled Sera from 3–11 Year Old Children: 2001–2002 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

Impact of Environmental Contaminants on Breast Cancer / Wpływ Zanieczyszczenia Środowiska Na Raka Piersi

Benzoate X receptor zinc-finger gene switches for drug-inducible regulation of transcription

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