Safety aspects of transcranial direct current stimulation concerning healthy subjects and patients

Poreisz, Csaba; Boros, Klára; Antal, Andrea; Paulus, Walter

doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2007.01.004

Cited by 936 publications

(712 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…In general, the tDCS-induced sensations were perceived more strongly [21,31] than the tRNS-or sham-induced sensations; moreover offline-a-tDCS was perceived most strongly than onlinea-tDCS. By contrast, hf-tRNS was indistinguishable from sham conditions for all of the sensations examined.…”

Section: Sensations Induced By Different Types Of Tesmentioning

confidence: 83%

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The Role of Timing in the Induction of Neuromodulation in Perceptual Learning by Transcranial Electric Stimulation

2013

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a b s t r a c tBackground: Transcranial electric stimulation (tES) protocols are able to induce neuromodulation, offering important insights to focus and constrain theories of the relationship between brain and behavior. Previous studies have shown that different types of tES (i.e., direct current stimulation e tDCS, and random noise stimulation e tRNS) induce different facilitatory behavioral effects. However to date is not clear which is the optimal timing to apply tES in relation to the induction of robust facilitatory effects. Objective/hypothesis: The goal of this work was to investigate how different types of tES (tDCS and tRNS) can modulate behavioral performance in the healthy adult brain in relation to their timing of application. We applied tES protocols before (offline) or during (online) the execution of a visual perceptual learning (PL) task. PL is a form of implicit memory that is characterized by an improvement in sensory discrimination after repeated exposure to a particular type of stimulus and is considered a manifestation of neural plasticity. Our aim was to understand if the timing of tES is critical for the induction of differential neuromodulatory effects in the primary visual cortex (V1). Methods: We applied high-frequency tRNS, anodal tDCS and sham tDCS on V1 before or during the execution of an orientation discrimination task. The experimental design was between subjects and performance was measured in terms of d' values. Results: The ideal timing of application varied depending on the stimulation type. tRNS facilitated task performance only when it was applied during task execution, whereas anodal tDCS induced a larger facilitation if it was applied before task execution. Conclusion: The main result of this study is the finding that the timing of identical tES protocols yields opposite effects on performance. These results provide important guidelines for designing neuromodulation induction protocols and highlight the different optimal timing of the two excitatory techniques.

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Section: Sensations Induced By Different Types Of Tesmentioning

confidence: 83%

“…Safety procedures were adopted based on non-invasive brain stimulation approaches [21,22], and informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to the beginning of the experiment.…”

Section: Subjectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of Timing in the Induction of Neuromodulation in Perceptual Learning by Transcranial Electric Stimulation

2013

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“…Because tDCS causes sensation at the site of the electrodes (Furubayashi et al, 2008;Gandiga, Hummel, & Cohen, 2006;Poreisz et al, 2007), we also examined the relationship between expectancy and behavioral effects through the examination of the relationship between skin sensation produced by tDCS and behavioral performance. This analysis tested the hypothesis that participants that experienced stronger somatic stimulation from tDCS would also expect to have larger behavioral effects, thus possibly influencing the test results.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…tingling and/or itching) without stimulating the brain areas beneath. Recent research has shown that traditional methods of "sham" tDCS stimulation involving ramping the current on and then off after a short (usually 30 s) duration may not be as effective in blinding participants to stimulation condition as previously thought (Poreisz, Boros, Antal, & Paulus, 2007). Simulation studies by Miranda, Faria, and Hallett (2009) suggest that current strengths less than 0.5 mA at the electrode size used in this study have no effect on brain activity in neural tissue 12 mm below the skin surface.…”

Section: Transcranial Direct Current Stimulationmentioning

confidence: 96%

Impact of tDCS on performance and learning of target detection: Interaction with stimulus characteristics and experimental design

et al. 2012

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We have previously found that transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) over right inferior frontal cortex (RIFC) enhances performance during learning of a difficult visual target detection task (Clark et al., 2012). In order to examine the cognitive mechanisms of tDCS that lead to enhanced performance, here we analyzed its differential effects on responses to stimuli that varied by repetition and target presence, differences related to expectancy by comparing performance in single-and double-blind task designs, and individual differences in skin stimulation and mood. Participants were trained for 1 h to detect target objects hidden in a complex virtual environment, while anodal tDCS was applied over RIFC at 0.1 mA or 2.0 mA for the first 30 min. Participants were tested immediately before and after training and again 1 h later. Higher tDCS current was associated with increased performance for all test stimuli, but was greatest for repeated test stimuli with the presence of hidden-targets. This finding was replicated in a second set of subjects using a double-blind task design. Accuracy for target detection discrimination sensitivity (d ' ; Z(hits) − Z(false alarms)) was greater for 2.0 mA current (1.77) compared with 0.1 mA (0.95), with no differences in response bias (β). Taken together, these findings indicate that the enhancement of performance with tDCS is sensitive to stimulus repetition and target presence, but not to changes in expectancy, mood, or type of blinded task design. The implications of these findings for understanding the cognitive mechanisms of tDCS are discussed.

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“…The reference electrode had an area of 60 cm 2 and was placed on the forehead. The current density was always maintained below the safety limits (below 1 A/m 2 ) (Poreisz, Boros, Antal, & Paulus, 2007). The electrodes were kept in place with bandages.…”

Section: Transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (Trns)mentioning

confidence: 99%

The application of online transcranial random noise stimulation and perceptual learning in the improvement of visual functions in mild myopia

2016

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It has recently been demonstrated how perceptual learning, that is an improvement in a sensory/perceptual task upon practice, can be boosted by concurrent high-frequency transcranial random noise stimulation (tRNS). It has also been shown that perceptual learning can generalize and produce an improvement of visual functions in participants with mild refractive defects.By using three different groups of participants (single-blind study), we tested the efficacy of a short training (8 sessions) using a single Gabor contrast-detection task with concurrent hftRNS in comparison with the same training with sham stimulation or hf-tRNS with no concurrent training, in improving visual acuity (VA) and contrast sensitivity (CS) of individuals with uncorrected mild myopia.A short training with a contrast detection task is able to improve VA and CS only if coupled with hf-tRNS, whereas no effect on VA and marginal effects on CS are seen with the sole administration of hf-tRNS.Our results support the idea that, by boosting the rate of perceptual learning via the modulation of neuronal plasticity, hf-tRNS can be successfully used to reduce the duration of the perceptual training and/or to increase its efficacy in producing perceptual learning and generalization to improved VA and CS in individuals with uncorrected mild myopia.

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Safety aspects of transcranial direct current stimulation concerning healthy subjects and patients

Cited by 936 publications

References 37 publications

The Role of Timing in the Induction of Neuromodulation in Perceptual Learning by Transcranial Electric Stimulation

The Role of Timing in the Induction of Neuromodulation in Perceptual Learning by Transcranial Electric Stimulation

Impact of tDCS on performance and learning of target detection: Interaction with stimulus characteristics and experimental design

The application of online transcranial random noise stimulation and perceptual learning in the improvement of visual functions in mild myopia

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