Safety Aspects of the Use of Isolated Piperine Ingested as a Bolus

Abstract

Piperine is a natural ingredient of Piper nigrum (black pepper) and some other Piper species. Compared to the use of pepper for food seasoning, piperine is used in food supplements in an isolated, concentrated form and ingested as a bolus. The present review focuses on the assessment of the possible critical health effects regarding the use of isolated piperine as a single ingredient in food supplements. In human and animal studies with single or short-term bolus application of isolated piperine, interactions with several drugs, in most cases resulting in increased drug bioavailability, were observed. Depending on the drug and extent of the interaction, such interactions may carry the risk of unintended deleteriously increased or adverse drug effects. Animal studies with higher daily piperine bolus doses than in human interaction studies provide indications of disturbance of spermatogenesis and of maternal reproductive and embryotoxic effects. Although the available human studies rarely reported effects that were regarded as being adverse, their suitability for detailed risk assessment is limited due to an insufficient focus on safety parameters apart from drug interactions, as well as due to the lack of investigation of the potentially adverse effects observed in animal studies and/or combined administration of piperine with other substances. Taken together, it appears advisable to consider the potential health risks related to intake of isolated piperine in bolus form, e.g., when using certain food supplements.

Piperine attenuates the inflammation, oxidative stress, and pyroptosis to facilitate recovery from spinal cord injury via autophagy enhancement

“…Besides, a previous study has indicated high doses (20 mg/kg) of Piperine have neurotoxic effects (Nazifi et al, 2020) and long-term administration of Piperine (10 mg/kg daily for 60 days) was found to impair spermatogenesis in male albino rats (Chinta, Coumar, & Periyasamy, 2017). Moreover, studies have observed that the individual use of Piperine and other drugs can increase the drug bioavailability which may carry the risk of unintended adverse effects (Ziegenhagen, Heimberg, Lampen, & Hirsch-Ernst, 2021). Because of this, the side effects of Piperine treatment require complete assessment in future research.…”