Safety Aspects of People Exposed to Ultra Wideband Radar Fields

Cavagnaro, Marta; Pisa, Stefano; Pittella, Erika

doi:10.1155/2013/291064

Cited by 18 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 11 publications

(11 reference statements)

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“…Where the thermal action level was not exceeded, the SAR also remained below the exposure limit value 37 ) . Regarding the newer diagnostic imaging techniques, worker exposure is compliant with both the action levels and exposure limit values in the EU Directive near devices for ultrawide-band radar imaging to monitor vital functions 80 , 81 ) . Microwave radar imaging of the breast normally leads to energy depositions in the patient below the ICNIRP basic restrictions for the general public 82 ) and should therefore also be safe for nearby health care workers.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occupational exposure to electromagnetic fields from medical sources

Stam

Yamaguchi-Sekino

2018

INDUSTRIAL HEALTH

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High exposures to electromagnetic fields (EMF) can occur near certain medical devices in the hospital environment. A systematic assessment of medical occupational EMF exposure could help to clarify where more attention to occupational safety may be needed. This paper seeks to identify sources of high exposure for hospital workers and compare the published exposure data to occupational limits in the European Union. A systematic search for peer-reviewed publications was conducted via PubMed and Scopus databases. Relevant grey literature was collected via a web search. For each publication, the highest measured magnetic flux density or internal electric field strength per device and main frequency component was extracted. For low frequency fields, high action levels may be exceeded for magnetic stimulation, MRI gradient fields and movement in MRI static fields. For radiofrequency fields, the action levels may be exceeded near devices for diathermy, electrosurgery and hyperthermia and in the radiofrequency field inside MRI scanners. The exposure limit values for internal electric field may be exceeded for MRI and magnetic stimulation. For MRI and magnetic stimulation, practical measures can limit worker exposure. For diathermy, electrosurgery and hyperthermia, additional calculations are necessary to determine if SAR limits may be exceeded in some scenarios.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occupational exposure to electromagnetic fields from medical sources

Stam

Yamaguchi-Sekino

2018

INDUSTRIAL HEALTH

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“…In particular, the automatic procedure used to develop the TB and DB body models could be applied to obtain breathing women and children. These models can be used both to study the absorption associated to exposure to the electromagnetic field emitted by communication systems and by biomedical applications of electromagnetic fields [28] and to characterize the human anatomy to be used in the development of new biomedical systems [29]. Furthermore, these models can be used to compute the Radar Cross Section (RCS) of man during respiration; this information is of great importance for ultrawideband radar design.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of the Electromagnetic Power Absorption in Humans Exposed to Plane Waves: The Effect of Breathing Activity

Cavagnaro

Pittella

Pisa

2013

International Journal of Antennas and Propagation

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The safety aspects of the exposure of people to uniform plane waves in the frequency range from 900 MHz to 5 GHz are analyzed. Starting from a human body model available in the literature, representing a man in resting state, two new anatomical models are considered, representing different phases of the respiratory activity: tidal breath and deep breath. These models have been used to evaluate the whole body Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) and the 10-g averaged and 1-g averaged SAR. The analysis is performed using a parallel implementation of the finite difference time domain method. A uniform plane wave, with vertical polarization, is used as an incident field since this is the canonical exposure situation used in safety guidelines. Results show that if the incident electromagnetic field is compliant with the reference levels promulgated by the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection and by IEEE, the computed SAR values are lower than the corresponding basic restrictions, as expected. On the other side, when the Federal Communications Commission reference levels are considered, 1-g SAR values exceeding the basic restrictions for exposure at 4 GHz and above are obtained. Furthermore, results show that the whole body SAR values increase passing from the resting state model to the deep breath model, for all the considered frequencies.

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“…The detection zone is adjustable up to 9.4 m with a detection time of 1.5 to 3.5 s [ 52 ]. Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) radiated by the radar is well below the limit value established by International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) for the general population both for the SAR as averaged over the whole body and over 10 g [ 53 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Non-Invasive Driver Drowsiness Detection System

Siddiqui

Saleem

Brown

et al. 2021

Sensors

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Drowsiness when in command of a vehicle leads to a decline in cognitive performance that affects driver behavior, potentially causing accidents. Drowsiness-related road accidents lead to severe trauma, economic consequences, impact on others, physical injury and/or even death. Real-time and accurate driver drowsiness detection and warnings systems are necessary schemes to reduce tiredness-related driving accident rates. The research presented here aims at the classification of drowsy and non-drowsy driver states based on respiration rate detection by non-invasive, non-touch, impulsive radio ultra-wideband (IR-UWB) radar. Chest movements of 40 subjects were acquired for 5 m using a lab-placed IR-UWB radar system, and respiration per minute was extracted from the resulting signals. A structured dataset was obtained comprising respiration per minute, age and label (drowsy/non-drowsy). Different machine learning models, namely, Support Vector Machine, Decision Tree, Logistic regression, Gradient Boosting Machine, Extra Tree Classifier and Multilayer Perceptron were trained on the dataset, amongst which the Support Vector Machine shows the best accuracy of 87%. This research provides a ground truth for verification and assessment of UWB to be used effectively for driver drowsiness detection based on respiration.

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Safety Aspects of People Exposed to Ultra Wideband Radar Fields

Cited by 18 publications

References 11 publications

Occupational exposure to electromagnetic fields from medical sources

Occupational exposure to electromagnetic fields from medical sources

Evaluation of the Electromagnetic Power Absorption in Humans Exposed to Plane Waves: The Effect of Breathing Activity

Non-Invasive Driver Drowsiness Detection System

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