Safety Aspects of Lithium Primary Batteries

Pozin, Michael; Wicelinski, S.P.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-63777-2.00004-9

Cited by 2 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Like salts, the electrolytes used in batteries, such as DME, also play a very important role during the operation of batteries and can lead to thermal runaway when interacting with lithium metal following the below equation 4 Li + 3 normalC 4 normalH 10 normalO 2 ( DME ) → 2 normalL normali 2 normalC normalO 3 + 5 normalC 2 normalH 6 ( L i 2 O + C O 2 at high temperature ) …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 73%

“…The electrolyte in lithium cells must be anhydrous for a long life and have high conductivity and stability over a fairly wide range of temperatures and voltages …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…At high temperatures (>400 °C), the generation of oxygen that takes place inside the cell and the combustion reactions with the involvement of oxygen must also be taken into account . Thus, in the case of a venting cell, the oxygen from the outside is readily available for exothermic reactions, e.g., in the case of 1,2-dimethoxyethane (see Figure S8) 2 normalC 4 normalH 10 normalO 2 ( DME ) + 11 normalO 2 → 8 normalC normalO 2 + 10 normalH 2 normalO …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…78 The electrolyte in lithium cells must be anhydrous for a long life and have high conductivity and stability over a fairly wide range of temperatures and voltages. 79 It is known that LiPF 6 salt used in Li-ion batteries was the first to be commercialized and remains the most used salt for these batteries 80 because of its combination of well-balanced properties, with concomitant compromises and restrictions. Two of these well-known properties of the LiPF 6 salt are its poor stability and reactivity with water.…”

Section: Micro-raman Characterizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Development of 2-in-1 Sensors for the Safety Assessment of Lithium-Ion Batteries via Early Detection of Vapors Produced by Electrolyte Solvents

Lupan,

Magariu,

Santos-Carballal

et al. 2023

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces

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Batteries play a critical role in achieving zero-emission goals and in the transition toward a more circular economy. Ensuring battery safety is a top priority for manufacturers and consumers alike, and hence is an active topic of research. Metal-oxide nanostructures have unique properties that make them highly promising for gas sensing in battery safety applications. In this study, we investigate the gas-sensing capabilities of semiconducting metal oxides for detecting vapors produced by common battery components, such as solvents, salts, or their degassing products. Our main objective is to develop sensors capable of early detection of common vapors produced by malfunctioning batteries to prevent explosions and further safety hazards. Typical electrolyte components and degassing products for the Li-ion, Li–S, or solid-state batteries that were investigated in this study include 1,3-dioxololane (C3H6O2DOL), 1,2-dimethoxyethane (C4H10O2DME), ethylene carbonate (C3H4O3EC), dimethyl carbonate (C4H10O2DMC), lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI), lithium nitrate (LiNO3) salts in a mixture of DOL and DME, lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF6), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and phosphorous pentafluoride (PF5). Our sensing platform was based on ternary and binary heterostructures consisting of TiO2(111)/CuO(1̅11)/Cu2O(111) and CuO(1̅11)/Cu2O(111), respectively, with various CuO layer thicknesses (10, 30, and 50 nm). We have analyzed these structures using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), micro-Raman spectroscopy, and ultraviolet–visible (UV–vis) spectroscopy. We found that the sensors reliably detected DME C4H10O2 vapors up to a concentration of 1000 ppm with a gas response of 136%, and concentrations as low as 1, 5, and 10 ppm with response values of approximately 7, 23, and 30%, respectively. Our devices can serve as 2-in-1 sensors, functioning as a temperature sensor at low operating temperatures and as a gas sensor at temperatures above 200 °C. Density functional theory calculations were also employed to study the adsorption of the vapors produced by battery solvents or their degassing products, as well as water, to investigate the impact of humidity. PF5 and C4H10O2 showed the most exothermic molecular interactions, which are consistent with our gas response investigations. Our results indicate that humidity does not impact the performance of the sensors, which is crucial for the early detection of thermal runaway under harsh conditions in Li-ion batteries. We show that our semiconducting metal-oxide sensors can detect the vapors produced by battery solvents and degassing products with high accuracy and can serve as high-performance battery safety sensors to prevent explosions in malfunctioning Li-ion batteries. Despite the fact that the sensors work independently of the type of battery, the work presented here is of particular interest for the monitoring of solid-state batteries, since DOL is a solvent typically used in this type of batteries.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 73%

“…The electrolyte in lithium cells must be anhydrous for a long life and have high conductivity and stability over a fairly wide range of temperatures and voltages …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Micro-raman Characterizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Development of 2-in-1 Sensors for the Safety Assessment of Lithium-Ion Batteries via Early Detection of Vapors Produced by Electrolyte Solvents

Lupan,

Magariu,

Santos-Carballal

et al. 2023

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces

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“…This energetic stability caused by ion binding was also confirmed for OsASR5 in complex with STAR1 promoter, whose selection as a target DNA was based on transcriptomic, ChIP‐qPCR, and DNA pull‐down data 41 . The free energy corresponds to the mechanical energy required for work (W) amid the total energy of a body 81 . Thus, the lowest binding‐free energy (Table 2) reiterates that this complex is the most thermodynamically stable 82 and can be safely suitable compared to the others tested.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 68%

Modeling the zinc effect on OsASR5‐STAR1 promoter interaction by molecular dynamics

et al. 2023

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Intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) have numerous dynamic conformations. Given the difficulties in tracking temporarily folded states of this kind of protein, methods such as molecular modeling and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations make the process less costly, less laborious, and more detailed. Few plant IDPs have been characterized so far, such as proteins from the Abscisic acid, Stress and Ripening (ASR) family. The present work applied, for the first time, the two above-mentioned tools to test the feasibility of determining a three-dimensional transition model of OsASR5 and to investigate the relationship between OsASR5 and zinc. We found that one of OsASR5's conformers contains α-helices, turns, and loops and that the metal binding resulted in a predominance of α-helix. This stability is possibly imperative for the transcription factor activity. The promoter region of a sugar transporter was chosen to test this hypothesis and free energy calculations showed how the ion is mandatory for this complex formation. The results produced here aim to clarify which conformation the protein in the bound state assumes and which residues are involved in the process, besides developing the understanding of how the flexibility of these proteins can contribute to the response to environmental stresses.

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Safety Aspects of Lithium Primary Batteries

Cited by 2 publications

References 6 publications

Development of 2-in-1 Sensors for the Safety Assessment of Lithium-Ion Batteries via Early Detection of Vapors Produced by Electrolyte Solvents

Development of 2-in-1 Sensors for the Safety Assessment of Lithium-Ion Batteries via Early Detection of Vapors Produced by Electrolyte Solvents

Modeling the zinc effect on OsASR5‐STAR1 promoter interaction by molecular dynamics

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