“…First, pioglitazone and other PPARγ agonists reduce neuropathic pain-like behavior in normoglycemic animals after various routes of administration including: repeated oral 55, 63 or intraperitoneal 31, 55, 63, 96 ; local injection to the injured sciatic nerve 96 or incised paw 31 ; or a single spinal 11, 30, 62, 71 or brain 62 injection. Second, numerous drugs can reduce PDN without reducing hyperglycemia in patients with PDN, including tapentadol 88 or the FDA-approved PDN medications duloxetine and pregabalin 59, 90 . Furthermore, the antioxidant taurine 49 , aldose reductase inhibitors 9, 66, 75 , insulin growth factor 112, 113 , or poly-ADP-ribose inhibitors 21, 67, 68 reduce hyperalgesia in animal models of PDN without inhibiting hyperglycemia.…”