Safety Analysis of Young Pedestrian Behavior at Signalized Intersections: An Eye-Tracking Study

Gruden, Chiara; Otković, Irena Ištoka; Šraml, Matjaž

doi:10.3390/su13084419

Cited by 16 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…In order to answer these research questions, an eye-tracking study was conducted. The method used to collect, elaborate and analyse the data was based on the approach developed in [10,25], which was adapted to the needs of this research and is described in detail in the following subsections. Figure 3 schematically summarises the main steps of the methodology.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Preliminary Assessment of Rider/Driver Gaze Behaviour in Slovenian Urban Areas

2022

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Motorcycle riders are an increasing group of road users. The intrinsic characteristics of powered two wheelers (PTW) allow them to be particularly flexible, both in urban and extra-urban environments. Nevertheless, crash statistics indicate that riders involved in road accidents are highly likely to suffer severe injuries, underlining the vulnerability of this group of road users. An element that can greatly affect the safety of PTW users is road design, as roads are usually designed for two-track vehicles (cars, buses, and lorries) and do not consider the needs of PTWs. Additionally, handling a motorcycle is quite different from driving a car; thus, the behaviour of riders is different to that of drivers. The aim of this paper is to compare how different road designs are perceived by riders and drivers and to preliminarily assess if riders’ behaviour and attention allocation are related. For the purpose of this research, an eye-tracking experiment was developed outdoors. Both drivers and riders travelled along a route comprising four different road designs and various road layouts, and the output was analysed both qualitatively and quantitatively. Although it was not possible to carry out a statistical analysis due to the limited number of participants, the results demonstrate that there is a difference in the gaze behaviour of drivers and riders, with the latter being far more focused on the left-hand side of the road and concentrating on defined elements of road design. Furthermore, the experiment demonstrated that a higher number of fixations is related to lower speeds. Finally, it was noted that both kinds of road users focus fairly well on the carriageway, leading to the conclusion that the indications given through road markings may be much more effective than vertical signalisation, which has rarely been observed.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Preliminary Assessment of Rider/Driver Gaze Behaviour in Slovenian Urban Areas

2022

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“…Pedestrian movement across the pedestrian crossing, including reaction time and movement in the conflict zone, although these two phases can be observed uniquely due to different influential parameters and their significance [69,70], was analyzed separately. Pedestrians play an important role in urban mobility, but a smaller number of studies deal with research on pedestrian behavior compared to driver behavior research.…”

Section: Pedestrian Behavior-prediction Models-literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…problem becomes significant for older children and adolescents. Research conducted on the student population with eye-tracking equipment has shown that the use of mobile phones is a distractor that has an impact on reaction time more, but also on crossing speed in the conflict zone of signalized [69] and unsignalized [70] pedestrian crosswalks.…”

Section: Models For Child-pedestrian Reaction Time and Speed At The S...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Child-Pedestrian Traffic Safety at Crosswalks—Literature Review

et al. 2022

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Child pedestrians make up 30% of the total number of children injured in road traffic in the EU. They are a particularly vulnerable subgroup because they exhibit specific traffic behavior related to cognitive and physical development, sociodemographic characteristics, and environmental conditions. This paper provides an overview of research of parameters that affect the safety of children in the conflict zones of the intersection—crosswalks. The overview was undertaken targeting available research mostly conducted in the last 10 years all over the world, related to the identification of parameters that affect the safety of child-pedestrians, and models developed for the prediction of pedestrian and child-pedestrian behavior. Research conducted on various urban networks provides insight into locally and more widely applicable impact parameters connected to child characteristics and infrastructural and traffic elements, but also distractors (e.g., electronic devices) as new phenomena influencing children’s road safety. A review of pedestrian behavior-prediction models suggests that models are being developed for the general population, and models for children’s behavior, with specific parameters, are missing. For further research, more detailed analysis of the impact of distractors and of COVID–19 pandemic non-mobility, as well as an analysis of possible infrastructural solutions to increase children’s road traffic safety, is suggested.

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“…Some examples can be found in [5][6][7][8][9]. In this area, in which there is an irrefutable link to pedestrians, this groups' mobility safety has also been put in the focus of the analysis [10,11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Eye-Tracking Calibration to Control a Cobot

Faura-Pujol¹,

Faundez-Zanuy²,

Moral-Viñals³

et al. 2023

IJCMEM

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The present study pursues to determine the optimal operation range of a specific screenbased eye-tracker, the Tobii X2-30, regarding the variation of precision and accuracy in measures. Furthermore, a connection setup to operate a collaborative robot (cobot) Omron TM5-700 by means of this eye-tracker will be presented. The possibility to operate a collaborative robot by gaze can be used as a third arm, which allows human beings to do more sophisticated activities, as well as making the manipulation of dangerous or perilous substance easier and safer. When developing new technological tools, we have mainly two options. The first one consists on a specifically designed hardware. While in this option, the engineer has full control over the device and can fit it to the specific requirements; in general, it will be a time consuming and expensive development. A second drawback is the limited possibility of researchers from other countries to construct an exactly equal device and replicate the experiments. The second option consists on adopting an existing commercial hardware, which probably has not been designed for the specific application in mind. The main advantage is the easy adaptation of this solution by other researchers, who only need to purchase the same commercial device and follow the recommendations. However, the main drawback of this approach is that the developers must test the device and check that it can be used for the new application. The goal of this paper is to test a commercial device and provide usability recommendations for a new application such is the movement of a robotic arm using eye-tracking. This paper includes the results from three experiments, which assess the final conclusion on the best performance positioning of the user regarding the Tobii X2-30 eye-tracker, in x, y, and z coordinates. When it comes to its implementation with the cobot, the outcome of a practical demo and experimental setup is also presented. This last one consists of accuracy measurements, where the control of the position of the cobot is defined by means of gaze, which defines a set of points in (x,y) plane. Later on, the robot picks up an ink-pen and draws a graph in a piece of paper. This drawing involves connecting these pre-defined dots by straights lines. To this end, a set of figures (parallelogram, pentagon, etc.) have been acquired and compared with the desired printed images on the PC screen.

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Safety Analysis of Young Pedestrian Behavior at Signalized Intersections: An Eye-Tracking Study

Cited by 16 publications

References 17 publications

A Preliminary Assessment of Rider/Driver Gaze Behaviour in Slovenian Urban Areas

A Preliminary Assessment of Rider/Driver Gaze Behaviour in Slovenian Urban Areas

Child-Pedestrian Traffic Safety at Crosswalks—Literature Review

Eye-Tracking Calibration to Control a Cobot

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