Safeguarding Citrus: Exploring State-of-the-art Management Strategies for Bacterial Citrus Diseases

Abstract

Bacterial diseases pose significant risks to the citrus industry, causing major economic losses and threatening global production. The most severe threats include citrus canker (Xanthomonas citri) which leads to visible lesions on leaves, fruit, and stems and Huanglongbing (HLB) (Candidatus Liberibacter spp.) which results in mottled leaves, stunted growth, and deformed, bitter fruit. Beyond these major diseases, citrus blast and citrus variegated chlorosis (CVC) are emerging concerns. Citrus blast, caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. citri, results in leaf lesions, cankers, and defoliation, managing it involves copper-based bactericides, removing infected branches, and cultural practices to reduce spread. CVC, caused by Xylella fastidiosa, is a vascular disease leading to chlorosis, leaf scorch, and dieback. Management strategies for CVC include controlling insect vectors with insecticides and developing resistant citrus varieties. Integrated disease management is crucial, focusing on sustainable approaches that combine cultural practices, biological control agents, and resistant varieties. Advances in technology, such as molecular diagnostics, remote sensing, and precision agriculture, are improving early detection and monitoring. Public awareness and education are keys to encouraging growers to adopt best practices. Collaboration among researchers, growers, and policymakers remains essential to tackle the complex challenges of bacterial citrus diseases and ensure the citrus industry’s sustainability.