Safe water treatment and storage in the home. A practical new strategy to prevent waterborne disease

Mintz, Eric D.

doi:10.1001/jama.273.12.948

Cited by 109 publications

(128 citation statements)

References 18 publications

(25 reference statements)

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“…A short-term alternative involves the use of a narrow-necked water container with spout and chemical disinfectant, such as that used in this and other studies. [14][15][16] Our data suggest that this simple combination of water disinfection and a physical barrier to recontamination, if used appropriately and supplemented with hygiene education, can be an affordable, effective short-term means of reducing diarrheal rates in those areas where potable water is currently not available. Our study not only documents the feasibility and effectiveness of this method but also establishes the behavioral and cultural willingness of our study population to adopt such an intervention, provided the containers are made available.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Water distribution system and diarrheal disease transmission: a case study in Uzbekistan.

Semenza¹,

Roberts²,

Henderson³

et al. 1998

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

188

159

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Abstract. Deteriorating water treatment facilities and distribution systems pose a significant public health threat, particularly in republics of the former Soviet Union. Interventions to decrease the disease burden associated with these water systems range from upgrading distribution networks to installing reverse osmosis technology. To provide insight into this decision process, we conducted a randomized intervention study to provide epidemiologic data for water policy decisions in Nukus, Uzbekistan, where drinking water quality is suboptimal. We interviewed residents of 240 households, 120 with and 120 without access to municipal piped water. Residents of 62 households without piped water were trained to chlorinate their drinking water at home in a narrow-necked water container with a spout. All study subjects (1583 individuals) were monitored biweekly for self-reported diarrheal illness over a period of 9.5 weeks. The home chlorination intervention group had the lowest diarrheal rate (28.8/1,000 subjects/month) despite lack of access to piped water in their homes. Compared with the two groups that did not receive the intervention this rate was one-sixth that of the group with no piped water (179.2/1,000 subjects/month) and one-third that of the households with piped water (75.5/1,000 subjects/month). More than 30% of the households with piped water lacked detectable levels of chlorine residues in their drinking water, despite two-stage chlorination of the source water, and were at increased risk of diarrhea. Forty-two percent of these municipal users reported that water pressure had been intermittent within the previous two days. The dramatic reduction in diarrheal rates in the home-chlorination intervention group indicates that a large proportion of diarrheal diseases in Nukus are water-borne. The home-chlorination group had less diarrhea than the group with piped water, implicating the distribution system as a source of disease transmission. Taken together, these epidemiologic data would support the hypothesis that diarrhea in the piped water group could be attributed to cross-contamination between the municipal water supply and sewer, due to leaky pipes and lack of water pressure. Relatively inexpensive steps, including chlorination, maintaining water pressure, and properly maintaining the distribution system, rather than reverse osmosis technology, should reduce diarrheal rates.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Water distribution system and diarrheal disease transmission: a case study in Uzbekistan.

Semenza¹,

Roberts²,

Henderson³

et al. 1998

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

188

159

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…For this reason, a number of household water treatment technologies have been developed, tested, and disseminated to protect the health of populations lacking access to safe water. [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16] One of these household water treatment technologies is sodium dichloroisocyanurate (NaDCC) tablets, an alternative to sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) solution, which is produced and distributed in many countries for water treatment. 17 Both NaDCC tablets and NaOCl solution disinfect water by releasing free available chlorine in the form of hypochlorous acid, which is an effective microbicide against a wide range of bacteria, viruses, and parasites.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sodium Dichloroisocyanurate Tablets for Routine Treatment of Household Drinking Water in Periurban Ghana: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Jain

Sahanoon²,

Blanton³

et al. 2010

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract. We conducted a randomized, placebo-controlled, triple-blinded trial to determine the health impact of daily use of sodium dichloroisocyanurate (NaDCC) tablets for household drinking water treatment in periurban Ghana. We randomized 240 households (3,240 individuals) to receive either NaDCC or placebo tablets. All households received a 20-liter safe water storage vessel. Over 12 weeks, 446 diarrhea episodes (2.2%) occurred in intervention and 404 (2.0%) in control households ( P = 0.38). Residual free chlorine levels indicated appropriate tablet use. Escherichia coli was found in stored water at baseline in 96% of intervention and 88% of control households and at final evaluation in 8% of intervention and 54% of control households ( P = 0.002). NaDCC use did not prevent diarrhea but improved water quality. Diarrhea rates were low and water quality improved in both groups. Safe water storage vessels may have been protective. A follow-up health impact study of NaDCC tablets is warranted.

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“…Alkalinity of natural water is typically a combination of bicarbonate and hydroxide ions [6]. The alkalinity content of the rain water sample is very low thus, the bicarbonate, carbonate and hydroxide ions are also low the values obtained showed that values of sample D (0.16-0.28) is higher than that of A and B.The alkalinity content of B 1 is the lowest while that of D 2 is the highest this implies that new aluminum intercepted rain water is less alkaline while that of dull Adex is more alkaline…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rain Water from Different Roofings in Osogbo, South West Nigeria

Ebenezer¹,

Ogunbusola²,

Famurewa³

2014

IJESD

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Safe water treatment and storage in the home. A practical new strategy to prevent waterborne disease

Cited by 109 publications

References 18 publications

Water distribution system and diarrheal disease transmission: a case study in Uzbekistan.

Water distribution system and diarrheal disease transmission: a case study in Uzbekistan.

Sodium Dichloroisocyanurate Tablets for Routine Treatment of Household Drinking Water in Periurban Ghana: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Rain Water from Different Roofings in Osogbo, South West Nigeria

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