Safe water supply challenges for hand hygiene in the prevention of COVID-19 in Southern Nations, Nationalities, and People's Region (SNNPR), Ethiopia

Aregu, Mekonnen Birhanie; Kanno, Girum Gebremeskel; Ashuro, Zemachu; Alembo, Awash; Alemayehu, Addisu

doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e08430

Cited by 10 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…On the other hand, a study conducted in Southern Nations, Nationalities, and People’s Region (SNNPR), Ethiopia, found 27.5% of handwashing facility water had zero total coliforms. 25 This is by far lower than our finding in which 100% of the handwashing water was positive for total coliform. It might be due to the seasonal variation of the studies.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 65%

“…The quality of handwashing water is considered the same quality as potable water 18 , 25 which does not allow any detection of total coliforms and E. coli in 100 ml of water. 17 However, the microbial count recorded for handwashing water was not in line with the WHO standard limit (when a 100 ml sample is free of E. coli or thermotolerant coliforms).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, hands washed with contaminated water pose a risk for higher levels of recontamination. 24 , 25 Improper or inadequate handwashing practices of food handlers have been identified as the cause of foodborne illnesses. 9 , 19 The quality of water for handwashing 18 and handwashing practice and hygiene of customers matter in preventing illnesses 25 but these are overlooked issues.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…24 , 25 Improper or inadequate handwashing practices of food handlers have been identified as the cause of foodborne illnesses. 9 , 19 The quality of water for handwashing 18 and handwashing practice and hygiene of customers matter in preventing illnesses 25 but these are overlooked issues. Whatever the food is prepared and served safely, unless the hand of customers that take the food-to-mouth is hygienically safe, the problem will continue to occur.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Handwashing Practice of Food Establishment Customers, Microbial Quality of Handwashing Water, and Associated Factors in Ginjo Kebele, Jimma Town, Southwest Ethiopia

Ahmednur

Esmael

Feresa

2022

Environ�Health�Insights

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Handwashing plays a major role in preventing the spread of infection and, if poorly implemented, leads to different illnesses. However, the quality of water meant for handwashing and handwashing practice and hand hygiene conditions of food establishment customers are overlooked issues, unlike drinking water and hygienic conditions and practice of food handlers. This study aimed to assess the microbial quality of water used for handwashing and hygienic practice and the status of customers of food establishments and associated factors in Ginjo Kebele, Jimma town, Southwest, Ethiopia. A cross-sectional study design was employed in July 2022. Forty water and 40 hand swab samples were taken and analyzed for total coliform and E. coli using the spread plate method. Handwashing facility conditions and the handwashing practices of customers were assessed using a checklist and questionnaire. The data were analyzed by SPSS version 23 software. The median handwashing water total coliform count was 390.0 CFU/ml. The median hand swab samples’ total coliform and E. coli load were 21.6 and 4.8 CFU/cm2, respectively after handwashing practice. There was an uphill correlation between the handwashing water and hand swab sample total coliform load ( r = .34, P = .032). The mean handwashing efficacy for the removal of total coliform was 25.8%. The microbial load was varied with the type of water container used, method of taking water from the container, handwashing practice, and hand drying. The microbial quality of handwashing water and hand swab samples didn’t comply with the acceptable limit. Thus, governmental bodies should work to improve the handwashing practice of communities. Food establishment owners should treat water for handwashing, clean the water containers, handle the water properly, and avail soap and poster demonstrators to the handwashing facilities. The customers should also comply with proper hand washing practices and reduce hand contamination.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 65%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Handwashing Practice of Food Establishment Customers, Microbial Quality of Handwashing Water, and Associated Factors in Ginjo Kebele, Jimma Town, Southwest Ethiopia

Ahmednur

Esmael

Feresa

2022

Environ�Health�Insights

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“…According to Aregu et al, 19 the quality of the water used for hand hygiene is a key determinant for effective hand hygiene practice. Therefore, 4 water samples were taken from the 4 wards before the beginning of the study for microbial analysis.…”

Section: Sample Size Sampling Technique and Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effective Handwashing Practice in Dilla University Referral Hospital; Duration of Hand Rubbing and the Amount of Water as Key Enablers

Kanno

Diriba

Getaneh

et al. 2022

Environ�Health�Insights

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Background: Ineffective hand hygiene in healthcare settings is a global challenge that is associated with a high rate of nosocomial infections. The study aimed to measure the effectiveness of handwashing at Dilla University referral hospital. Method: This study consisted of 2 parts; the survey work and laboratory analysis. A total of 63 participants were selected to take surveys using an interviewer-administered questionnaire to collect the data regarding the socio-demographic and hand hygiene-related practices. A laboratory tests (swab test) was used to assess handwashing effectiveness from 63 participants by taking 126 swab test (63 before and after hand washing sessions). A swab test was collected from the palms of each participant before and after hand washing using a sterile technique. The cultures were then incubated aerobically overnight at 37°C, and examined for microbial growth. The bacterial load was reported as the number of colony-forming units (CFU). Result: The proportion of effective hand washing in Dilla University Referral Hospital was 82.5%. The mean colony-forming unit before and after handwashing were 55 and 2 CFU/ml, respectively with an average reduction of 94.6% in terms of CFU/ml. The mean amount of water used for effective handwashing was 336.03 (±219.46) ml. There was a significant mean difference in the amount of water used and duration of hand rubbing between effective and non-effective handwashing among the participants ( P < 0.01). The bacterial load before and after handwashing indicated that there was a significant (53.3 mean CFU) reduction in bacterial load after handwashing practice which indicated that the handwashing intervention in the Referral hospital was effective ( P < 0.01). Conclusion: The proportion of effective Hand washing in Dilla University referral Hospital was 82.5% with a 94.6% reduction in terms of (CFU/ml). The amount of water use and the duration of hand rubbing showed a significant difference in the reduction of the microbial load.

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Stakeholder Perspectives on COVID-19 and Household Water Access in Vulnerable Communities in the Mekong Region

Lebel

Aung

Long³

et al. 2022

Environmental Management

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The COVID-19 pandemic has underlined the importance of safe access to sufficient clean water in vulnerable communities, renewing interest in water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) programs and related targets under Sustainable Development Goal 6 (SDG 6). The purpose of this study was to better understand the obstacles to water access in vulnerable communities and identify ways they might be addressed in five countries in the Mekong Region (Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam). To this end, qualitative interviews with 50 government officials and development or health experts were complimented with a quantitative survey of the experiences and views of individuals in 15 vulnerable communities. There were several key findings. First, difficulties in accessing sufficient clean water for drinking and hygiene persist in certain vulnerable communities, including informal urban settlements, remote minority villages, and migrant worker camps. Second, limited rights, high prices, and remote locations were common obstacles to household access to improved water sources. Third, seasonal differences in the availability of clean water, alongside other disruptions to supply such as restrictions on movement in COVID-19 responses, drove households towards lower quality sources. Fourth, there are multiple threats to water quality from source to consumption that should be addressed by monitoring, treatment, and watershed protection. Fifth, stakeholder groups differ from each other and residents of vulnerable communities regarding the significance of water access, supply and quality difficulties, and how they should be addressed. The paper ends with a set of program suggestions addressing these water-related difficulties.

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Safe water supply challenges for hand hygiene in the prevention of COVID-19 in Southern Nations, Nationalities, and People's Region (SNNPR), Ethiopia

Cited by 10 publications

References 22 publications

Handwashing Practice of Food Establishment Customers, Microbial Quality of Handwashing Water, and Associated Factors in Ginjo Kebele, Jimma Town, Southwest Ethiopia

Handwashing Practice of Food Establishment Customers, Microbial Quality of Handwashing Water, and Associated Factors in Ginjo Kebele, Jimma Town, Southwest Ethiopia

Effective Handwashing Practice in Dilla University Referral Hospital; Duration of Hand Rubbing and the Amount of Water as Key Enablers

Stakeholder Perspectives on COVID-19 and Household Water Access in Vulnerable Communities in the Mekong Region

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