Safe Design of a Hydrogen-Powered Ship: CFD Simulation on Hydrogen Leakage in the Fuel Cell Room

Abstract

Adopting proton exchange membrane fuel cells fuelled by hydrogen presents a promising solution for the shipping industry’s deep decarbonisation. However, the potential safety risks associated with hydrogen leakage pose a significant challenge to the development of hydrogen-powered ships. This study examines the safe design principles and leakage risks of the hydrogen gas supply system of China’s first newbuilt hydrogen-powered ship. This study utilises the computational fluid dynamics tool FLACS to analyse the hydrogen dispersion behaviour and concentration distributions in the hydrogen fuel cell room based on the ship’s parameters. This study predicts the flammable gas cloud and time points when gas monitoring points first reach the hydrogen volume concentrations of 0.8% and 1.6% in various leakage scenarios, including four different diameters (1, 3, 5, and 10 mm) and five different directions. This study’s findings indicate that smaller hydrogen pipeline diameters contribute to increased hydrogen safety. Specifically, in the hydrogen fuel cell room, a single-point leakage in a hydrogen pipeline with an inner diameter not exceeding 3 mm eliminates the possibility of flammable gas cloud explosions. Following a 10 mm leakage diameter, the hydrogen concentration in nearly all room positions reaches 4.0% within 6 s of leakage. While the leakage diameter does not impact the location of the monitoring point that first activates the hydrogen leak alarm and triggers an emergency hydrogen supply shutdown, the presence of obstructions near hydrogen detectors and the leakage direction can affect it. These insights provide guidance on the optimal locations for hydrogen detectors in the fuel cell room and the pipeline diameters on hydrogen gas supply systems, which can facilitate the safe design of hydrogen-powered ships.

Hydrogen Safety Challenges: A Comprehensive Review on Production, Storage, Transport, Utilization, and CFD-Based Consequence and Risk Assessment

“…This behaviour cannot be captured with empirical models. For this reason, there are fewer studies on releases in the atmosphere [78] such as from the generation of holes in pipes [79], and there are more frequent studies on releases in tunnels, garages, fuel cell rooms [32], and enclosed spaces in general [80][81][82][83][84][85][86]. The models found in the literature mainly differ in terms of the equation solution approach, the geometry, the boundary conditions, the turbulence of the sub-model, and the CFD code used.…”

“…For instance, Guan et al ( 2023) developed a CFD model to analyse the hydrogen dispersion behaviour and concentration distributions in the hydrogen fuel cell room based on the ship's parameters. The results were used to appropriately design the layout of hydrogen detectors and the hydrogen gas supply system [82]. Wang et al (2023) developed a CFD model of hydrogen leakage and the diffusion of a hydrogen production container.…”

A Parametric Study on the Interconnector of Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cells for Co-Electrolysis of Water and Carbon Dioxide

“…The fourth International Maritime Organization (IMO) greenhouse gas study pointed out that in 2018, the total annual carbon dioxide emissions from global shipping exceeded 1 billion tons, accounting for approximately 2.89% of the world's total emissions. The IMO has set a goal of reducing the carbon intensity of ships by at least 40% by 2030 and reducing greenhouse gas emissions from ships by more than 50% by 2050 compared to 2008 [2]. In order to solve energy and environmental issues, it is essential to use renewable alternatives to fossil energy and carbon-neutral energy technologies [3,4].…”