Safe African Medicinal Plants for Clinical Studies

Okoye, Theophine Chinwuba; Uzor, Philip F.; Onyeto, Collins Azubuike; Okereke, Emeka K.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-800018-2.00018-2

Cited by 55 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…Decoction was the most common method of preparation in the region. Decoction is a powerful method for extracting the active ingredients of medicinal plants 37 , making it a pluralistic approach to faster and better treatment between local families 38 , 39 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ethnopharmacological study of native medicinal plants and the impact of pastoralism on their loss in arid to semiarid ecosystems of southeastern Iran

Sharafatmandrad

Mashizi

2020

Sci Rep

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The purpose of this study was to gather ethnopharmacological information on plants used by the pastorals of southeastern Iran. The relationships between ecological value of the plant species and ethnobotanical indices were investigated. The loss of medicinal plants and its effective factors were also determined under nomadism and sedentary pastoralism. Ethnopharmacological information of plants was collected through interviews with 85 local people including nomads (43%) and sedentary pastorals (57%). Ethnobotanical indices including relative frequency of citation (RFC), relative importance (RI), cultural value (CV), and use value (UV) were estimated. Canopy cover and density of plant species were measured at 60 sampling plots in the exclosure, nomadic rangelands and sedentary pastorals rangelands. The Importance Value Index (IVI) and Relative Loss Index (RL) were estimated for both nomadic and sedentary pastoral rangelands. Pearson correlation coefficient was used to investigate the relationship between ethnobotanical indices and IVI of plant species. The Bayesian networks was used to investigate the relationship between ethnobotanical indices and plant species loss. In total, 156 medicinal plant species of 50 families were identified in the region by locals. Positive correlation was observed between ethnobotanical indices (RFC and RI) and ecological index (IVI). The mean decline of the ecological importance of medicinal species in sedentary pastoral rangelands was approximately three times higher than in nomadic rangelands. Bayesian networks showed that cultural value, seed exploitation and aerial parts exploitation had direct relationships with species loss in both nomadic and sedentary pastoral rangelands. Bunium persicum, an ecologically and socially important species, had been extensively harvested (more than 60%) in the both nomadic and sedentary pastoral rangelands, making it a priority species in future conservation programs. Medicinal plants had high ecological value and were severely exploited, threatening sustainability of arid and semiarid ecosystems. Local pastorals not only use medicinal plants as herbal remedies but also consider them as a source of income. Popular plants with multiple medicinal uses were more susceptible to loss. Higher medicinal knowledge of pastorals did not help to mitigate medicinal plant loss, requesting new plans to aware them to the circumstances that often leads to species removal from community. Given the importance, abundance and widespread use of medicinal plants, further studies can provide a basis for their conservation and for identifying new therapeutic effects of plants in the region.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ethnopharmacological study of native medicinal plants and the impact of pastoralism on their loss in arid to semiarid ecosystems of southeastern Iran

Sharafatmandrad

Mashizi

2020

Sci Rep

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“…The seeds of Abrus precatorius [25], the bark of Securidaca longipedunculata, and the roots of Vernonia amygdalina [24] are established as toxic, and their use can be dangerous. Meanwhile, some species such as Annona senegalensis, Azadirachta indica, Cassia occidentalis (Senna occidentalis), Moringa oleifera, and Psidium guajava, also included in this study, are considered to have good toxicological profiles [31]. Furthermore, the edibility of the plant organ is another sign of established usage, and 28.7% of the species in these studies were edible.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

An ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used in the coastal bushland of Lindi District, Southeast Tanzania

Sakamoto

Otieno

Kileo

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background: An ethnomedicinal study was conducted to document the medicinal plants used for treating diseases in the coastal bushland of the Lindi Region in southeastern Tanzania. Methods: Semistructured interviews were conducted between August 2016 and September 2018 to collect information regarding local medicinal plant names, the diseases that they were used to treat, and the plant organ used to prepare remedies. The data collected were compared with previous reports within Tanzania and elsewhere and counted and cross-tabulated when appropriate. Results: A total of 108 species belonging to 49 families and 91 genera were reported. The most commonly used plant families were Caesalpiniaceae and Euphorbiaceae. The most commonly used plant types in the coastal bushland were trees and shrubs, and leaves were mostly used due to various reasons. The majority of the recorded plants were indigenous/natural, which included one newly identified and five endemic species. Most of the local names originated from the Mwera ethnic group. A total of 268 usage variations based on a combination of the plant organ used and disease treated were recorded for the species identified, including edibility. The documented diseases treated with medicinal plants included hernia, convulsion, stomachache, snake bites, skin parasites, abscesses, tinea capitis, malaria, and measles. Medicinal plants related to magic also constituted a significant proportion of uses. In this study, 64.9% of the plant species used to manage diseases were previously reported medicinal species. Moreover, 29.1% were used to manage a similar disease and 13.1% for the same disease, whereas 9.3% of the medicinal plants had the same organ used to treat the same disease as reported. Of the plants identified, 28.7% were edible. Within the study, new treatments that have not been previously reported in Tanzania were identified for 35.1% of the species. Conclusions: The use of mostly native plants to manage diseases in the study area was validated through cross-checking uses at other locations, and the therapeutic claims of the interviewees were verified. Some of the new findings and new species utilized may provide a basis for new medicinal compounds and remedies in the future.

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“…Medicinal trees serve as one of the prominent sources of natural drugs, with about 80% of the world's population still solely dependent on herbal or traditional medicine to treat various diseases [1][2][3]. Plant-derived pharmaceutical compounds are often preferred due to their safety, stability and affordability [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Plant Growth Regulators on Coloured Callus Formation and Accumulation of Azadirachtin, an Essential Biopesticide in Azadirachta indica

Ashokhan

Othman

Rahim

et al. 2020

Plants

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For centuries, Azadirachta indica or neem has been utilized as a primary source of medicine due to its antimicrobial, larvacidal, antimalarial and antifungal properties. Recently, its potential as an effective biopesticide has garnered attention, especially towards efficient and continuous production of its bioactive compounds. The present study investigated the effect of the plant growth regulators (PGRs) thiadiazuron (TDZ) and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) on the induction of colored callus formation and subsequent accumulation of azadirachtin (AZA) in A. indica. An efficient protocol was established for micropropagation and colored callus production of this species, followed by quantification of AZA (a mixture of azadirachtin A and B) and its safety assessment. For induction of the callus, leaf and petiole explants obtained from a young growing neem plant were excised and cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with TDZ (0.2–0.6 mg L−1) and 2,4-D (0.2–0.6 mg L−1), either applied singly or in combination. Callus was successfully induced from both explant types at different rates, where media with 0.6 mg L−1 of TDZ resulted in the highest fresh weight (3.38 ± 0.08 g). In general, media with a single hormone (particularly TDZ) was more effective in producing a high mass of callus compared to combined PGRs. A culture duration of six weeks resulted in the production of green, brown and cream colored callus. The highest callus weight and accumulation of AZA was recorded in green callus (214.53 ± 33.63 mg g−1 dry weight (DW)) induced using TDZ. On the other hand, small amounts of AZA were detected in both brown and cream callus. Further experimentation indicated that the green callus with the highest AZA was found to be non-toxic (LC50 at 4606 µg mL−1) to the zebrafish animal model. These results suggested that the addition of different PGRs during in vitro culture could prominently affect callus and secondary metabolite production and can further be manipulated as a sustainable method for the production of a natural and environmentally friendly pesticide.

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Safe African Medicinal Plants for Clinical Studies

Cited by 55 publications

References 52 publications

Ethnopharmacological study of native medicinal plants and the impact of pastoralism on their loss in arid to semiarid ecosystems of southeastern Iran

Ethnopharmacological study of native medicinal plants and the impact of pastoralism on their loss in arid to semiarid ecosystems of southeastern Iran

An ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used in the coastal bushland of Lindi District, Southeast Tanzania

Effect of Plant Growth Regulators on Coloured Callus Formation and Accumulation of Azadirachtin, an Essential Biopesticide in Azadirachta indica

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