“…Haddad discussed how Iraqi Shiite identity is localized in the Iraqi context but his discussion centers around Iraqi Shiite identity construction within the matrix of the turbulent relationship between Iraqi Shiites and the Sunni-dominated Arab world, not Iraqi Shiites' relationship with Iran (Haddad, 2011). Baram (2010), Hasan (2021), Nakash (2006), Sayej (2018), and Louër (2008) have more or less discussed the historical roots of some Iraqi Shiites pushing for a nationalized version of Shi'ism. But they did not discuss how such tendencies played out in the complex relationship between Muqtada al-Sadr and Iran, especially after Iraq's 2021 parliamentary elections which marked a significant rise in hostility between the two sides.…”