Sachet water quality and product registration: a cross-sectional study in Accra, Ghana

Dzodzomenyo, Mawuli; Fink, Günther; Dotse‐Gborgbortsi, Winfred; Wardrop, Nicola A.; Aryeetey, Genevieve Cecilia; Coleman, Nathaniel; Hill, Allan G.; Wright, James A.

doi:10.2166/wh.2018.055

Cited by 14 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…All the values recorded for physicochemical parameters were within the World Health Organization's recommended limits ( Table 7). This is consistent with the study by Dzodzomenyo et al [24] where all sachet water tested were compliant with national quality standards.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Consumer Preference and Quality of Sachet Water Sold and Consumed in the Sunyani Municipality of Ghana

Addo

Amegah

Xonam

et al. 2020

BioMed Research International

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Good quality water is odourless, colourless, and free from faecal pollution, and a satisfactory safe supply must be made available to consumers. The study assessed consumer preference and quality of sachet water sold and consumed in the Sunyani Municipality of Ghana. A cross-sectional study design was used, and data were collected using a structured questionnaire from a sample size of 500 respondents. A total of twenty (20) samples of sachet water commonly sold and consumed in the Sunyani Municipality were also collected and analyzed for bacteriological and physicochemical parameters. Out of these 20 samples, 10 samples of sachet water were collected from the production site and the other 10 samples from the market site. Results showed that respondents’ choice of sachet water was based on several indicators. While 70% (350/500) of consumers indicated that sachet water had taste, 58% (290/500) of them were not enthused when the water had colour. Using smell as an indicator, 71% of consumers have had an experience with sachet water smell being questionable. Water taste (p<0.001), colour of water (p<0.001), smell (p<0.001), and increase in cost (p<0.001) were found as determinants of consumer preference. Consumers who said the colour of water informed their decision when buying sachet water were seven times more likely to have a preference for a particular brand (OR 7.057, CI: 4.474–11.133). Those who checked for expiry dates when buying water (OR 4.871, CI: 3.110–7.628) and those who looked out for Food and Drugs Authority stamp (OR 4.433, CI: 2.806–7.003) were both four times more likely to have a preference for a particular brand. Water quality tests also indicated that 30% of all water samples collected from the production site were contaminated with total coliforms and 50% of sachet water samples collected from the markets were also contaminated with coliforms. The same brands of sachet water that contained total coliforms from the production site were the same brands that contained total coliforms selected from the market. From this study, only total coliforms other than Escherichia coli were detected in the water samples analyzed. It was observed that the evaluated physicochemical parameters of the water analyzed were within the accepted WHO limits. It is recommended that consumers be educated about the indicators to look out for when buying sachet water and, also, that regulatory bodies be empowered to ban the sale of unwholesome brands of sachet water on the market.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Consumer Preference and Quality of Sachet Water Sold and Consumed in the Sunyani Municipality of Ghana

Addo

Amegah

Xonam

et al. 2020

BioMed Research International

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“…Most borehole and tap water samples did not have E. coli counts, and over 50% of samples had no detectable P. aeruginosa. These observations are similar to other reports in Ghana [21,25,26]. However, all well water samples were contaminated and had high counts of E. coli, which corroborates with other findings in Ghana [27] and Cameroon [28].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria in Drinking Water from the Greater Accra Region, Ghana: A Cross-Sectional Study, December 2021–March 2022

Ahmed

Zolfo

Williams

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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With safely managed water accessible to only 19% of the population in Ghana, the majority of its residents are at risk of drinking contaminated water. Furthermore, this water could be a potential vehicle for the transmission of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria. This study assessed the presence of bacteria and the antibiotic resistance profile of Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in drinking-water sources using membrane filtration and Kirby–Bauer disc diffusion methods. A total of 524 water samples were analyzed for total coliforms, total heterotrophic bacteria, E. coli and P. aeruginosa. Samples included sachets, bottled water, tap water, borehole and well water. Most of the sachet and bottled water samples were within the limits of Ghana’s standards for safe drinking water for the parameters tested. Over 50% of tap and borehole water was also free of E. coli and P. aeruginosa. Overall, of 115 E. coli isolates from tap and ground water samples, most were resistant to cefuroxime (88.7%), trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole (62.6%) and amoxicillin–clavulanate (52.2%). P. aeruginosa isolates were most resistant to aztreonam (48%). Multidrug resistance was predominantly seen among E. coli isolates (58%). Evidence from this study calls for routine antimicrobial resistance surveillance in drinking water across the country and additional treatment of water sources at household levels.

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“…Several studies have also indicated the concordance of EC and TDS of drinking water sources in Ghana. 15,43,44 This study showed that the highest recorded EC and TDS among all the water sources were 830 mS/cm and 594.67 mg/L respectively (Table 5) which resulted from a borehole. 41 have conferred the high EC value for boreholes in Kumasi.…”

Section: Assessment Of Physicochemical Water Qualitymentioning

confidence: 85%

Domestic drinking water management: Quality assessment in Oforikrom municipality, Ghana

et al. 2021

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Drinking water in Ghana is estimated at 79%, but this only represents the proportion of the population with access to improved drinking water sources without regard to the quality of water consumed. This study investigated the quality of household drinking water sources in the Oforikrom municipality where potable water requirements are on the rise due to an ever-increasing population. Both quantitative and qualitative methods were employed in this study. One Hundred households were randomly selected and interviewed on the available options for drinking water and household water treatment and safe storage. A total of 52 points of collection (POC) and 97 points of use (POU) water samples from households were collected for physicochemical and microbial water quality analysis. Amongst the available drinking water options, sachet water (46%) was mostly consumed by households. Water quality analysis revealed that the physicochemical parameters of all sampled drinking water sources were within the Ghana Standards Authority (GSA) recommended values expected for pH (ranging from 4.50 to 7.50). For the drinking water sources, bottled (100%, n = 2) and sachet water (91%, n = 41) showed relatively good microbial water quality. Generally, POC water samples showed an improved microbial water quality in comparison to POU water samples. About 38% ( n = 8) of the households practicing water quality management, were still exposed to unsafe drinking water sources. Households should practice good water quality management at the domestic level to ensure access to safe drinking water. This may include the use of chlorine-based disinfectants to frequently disinfect boreholes, wells and storage facilities at homes.

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Sachet water quality and product registration: a cross-sectional study in Accra, Ghana

Cited by 14 publications

References 23 publications

Consumer Preference and Quality of Sachet Water Sold and Consumed in the Sunyani Municipality of Ghana

Consumer Preference and Quality of Sachet Water Sold and Consumed in the Sunyani Municipality of Ghana

Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria in Drinking Water from the Greater Accra Region, Ghana: A Cross-Sectional Study, December 2021–March 2022

Domestic drinking water management: Quality assessment in Oforikrom municipality, Ghana

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