Saccharomyces cerevisiae Fermentation Products That Mitigate Foodborne Salmonella in Cattle and Poultry

Abstract

Prior studies revealed that yeast fermentation products, specifically XPC™ and related products (Diamond V, Cedar Rapids, IA), serve as viable food safety tools across multiple food animal species including cattle and poultry. Providing this supplement in feed leads to reduced prevalence, load, virulence, and antibiotic resistance of foodborne pathogens such as Salmonella and Escherichia coli O157:H7. These findings are worthy of further study, especially when coupled with the enhanced growth and performance observed with these products. Mechanistically, XPC appears to modulate these effects through the immune system and gut microbiome. Herein we further investigated this product and demonstrate that XPC mediates an enhancement of immunocyte killing of Salmonella in calves fed the product. Additionally, these studies reveal that XPC reduces the lymph node infiltration, invasiveness, and antibiotic resistance of Salmonella in dairy calves fed the product-consistent with findings observed in poultry and adult beef cattle. Furthermore, the reduction in invasiveness does not lead to a rebound hyperinvasive phenotype in Salmonella obtained from XPC-fed animals. In summary, these studies suggest that XPC reduces the invasion of Salmonella and may alter various phenotypic characteristics of the pathogen.

Evaluation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Yeast Fermentate and Xylanase in Reduced Energy Diet Fed to Broiler Chicken

“…XPC may also contribute to superior physiological indices by reducing physiological stress, whether it was caused by heat stress or normal rearing conditions, by eliminating the free radical in the cells (Nelson et al 2020). Additionally, XPC has been reported to improve immunity against pathogens (like Salmonella) as well as aflatoxins produced by Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus (Osweiler et al 2010;Feye et al 2019).…”

“…Studies have shown the role of SC in boosting digestion and nutrient utilization of birds (Zhang et al 2005;Hosseini 2011;Awaad et al 2019). Additionally, SC favored the immune response of broiler chicks against infections such as Salmonella and Newcastle disease (Ghosh et al 2012;Feye et al 2019).…”

Yeast Fermentate-Mediated Reduction of Salmonella Reading and Typhimurium in an in vitro Turkey Cecal Culture Model

“…The fermentation metabolites of XPC have demonstrated anti-Salmonella effects against multiple Salmonella serovars ( Feye et al, 2016a,b;Rubinelli et al, 2016;Park et al, 2017;Roto et al, 2017). These effects include the reduction of multimodal antibiotic resistance and attenuating the virulence of the pathogen, specifically (Feye et al, 2019). A likely mechanism associated with XPC is rooted in the demonstrated changes to the microbiota in response to XPC supplementation, shifting the metabolites present, and ultimately reducing Salmonella fitness (Park et al, 2017;Rubinelli et al, 2016;Feye et al, 2019).…”

“…These effects include the reduction of multimodal antibiotic resistance and attenuating the virulence of the pathogen, specifically (Feye et al, 2019). A likely mechanism associated with XPC is rooted in the demonstrated changes to the microbiota in response to XPC supplementation, shifting the metabolites present, and ultimately reducing Salmonella fitness (Park et al, 2017;Rubinelli et al, 2016;Feye et al, 2019). The same mechanism likely drives the immune-modulating response that reduces peripheral inflammation while increasing the phagocytosis of Salmonella (Feye et al, 2016b(Feye et al, , 2019Nelson et al, 2020).…”

“…Due to the significance of S. Reading outbreaks and the previously demonstrated anti-Salmonella effects of XPC, it is the objective of the current study to determine whether the presence of XPC could lead to the reduction of a nalidixic acid-resistant (64 µg/mL) strain of S. Reading in an in vitro turkey cecal culture model. The in vitro fermentation cecal model is a robust method to research microbial interactions while avoiding host factors, such as an immune response (Feye et al, 2019;Poeker et al, 2019). As this model was untested in turkeys, a previous strain of nalidixic acid-resistant Salmonella Typhimurium that was successfully reduced by XPC in the in vitro chicken cecal model was used as a control.…”