Saccharomyces cerevisiae as probiotic, prebiotic, synbiotic, postbiotics and parabiotics in aquaculture: An overview

Hematological changes in Florida pompano (Trachinotus carolinus) supplemented with β‐glucan and Pediococcus acidilactici synbiotic

“…Their immunomodulatory properties are suspected to be related to their molecular structure (degree of branching) and molecular weight with high‐molecular‐weight β‐glucans, with branching ratios between 0.2 and 0.33, generally being the most potent immunomodulators (Hadiuzzaman et al, 2022; Han et al, 2020; Rieder et al, 2011). Because β‐glucans are components of yeast and fungal cell walls (composing 30%–60% of Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell walls), they are recognized by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), like the C‐type lectin receptor dectin‐1 (also known as β‐glucan receptor) (βGR), scavenger receptor (SR), complement receptor 3 (CR3), and toll‐like receptor (TLR) as pathogen‐associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and thus trigger both pro‐inflammatory (IL‐1β, IL‐9, IL‐6, and TNF‐α) and anti‐inflammatory (IL‐10 and IL‐11) cytokine release and immunological gene expression (del Valle et al, 2023; Machuca et al, 2022; Meena et al, 2013; Petit et al, 2019; Pogue et al, 2021). Beta‐glucans have proven to be an effective immunostimulant in fish with several papers reviewing the modes of action and beneficial effects in detail (Hadiuzzaman et al, 2022; Machuca et al, 2022; Meena et al, 2013; Petit & Wiegertjes, 2016; Pogue et al, 2021; Rojo‐Cebreros et al, 2018).…”

The Administration of Inactivated and Stabilized Whole-Cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to Gestating Sows Improves Lactation Efficiency and Post-Weaning Antimicrobial Use

“…However, besides probiotics and prebiotics, the interest towards postbiotics has been increasing in recent years. Postbiotics are non-viable (inactivated) microorganisms in whole or part, or metabolites secreted by microorganisms that directly or indirectly improve the health status of hosts [ 15 ]. Their use is increasing because it is possible to become independent of the viability of the organisms and, therefore, they allow their use on a larger scale.…”

“…Their use is increasing because it is possible to become independent of the viability of the organisms and, therefore, they allow their use on a larger scale. Unlike living microorganisms, there are no risks of infection due to bacterial translocation from the intestinal lumen to the blood in susceptible and immunocompromised individuals [ 15 ]. Therefore, there is no possibility of acquiring and transferring antibiotic resistance genes.…”

“…Therefore, there is no possibility of acquiring and transferring antibiotic resistance genes. They could be added at a lower dosage than probiotics, and they are not inactivated during the feed manufacture, transport and storing [ 15 ]. Compared to probiotics, postbiotics offer more advantages; for instance, live probiotics may have trouble adhering to the gut mucosa because of the mucous layer that limits the direct contact between the gut mucosal layers and bacteria [ 14 ].…”

Immunoregulation and Resistance to Aquatic Pathogens with Dietary Nucleotides in Pacific White Shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei

“…(Palafolls, Spain), in several animal species, including aquatic ones [8,[12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23]. In fact, yeast derivatives have been described as promising immunostimulants to control diseases in aquaculture [24,25]. The efficacy of Nucleoforce ® nucleotides in PWS has recently been further supported by two studies performed in Indonesia, showing a positive impact of nucleotide supplementation on performance, immune response, profitability and disease resistance against Vibrio harveyi [16,23].…”