Saccades to remembered target locations: an analysis of systematic and variable errors

White, Janis M.; Sparks, David L.; Stanford, Terrence R.

doi:10.1016/0042-6989(94)90259-3

Cited by 209 publications

(201 citation statements)

References 30 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

175

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…3, Before). As is typical of saccades made in darkness to locations of extinguished targets, these saccades tended to be hypometric and biased upwards (Gnadt et al 1991;White et al 1994). Premature saccades were rare before the infusion (Fig.…”

Section: Results From Central Fixationmentioning

confidence: 77%

“…6C). This was expected, since saccades made directly in response to a target have higher velocities than saccades made to the location of an extinguished target (Gnadt et al 1991;White et al 1994).…”

Section: Results From Central Fixationmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…Because there is an inevitable upwards drift and a compromise in accuracy for saccades made in darkness to the locations of extinguished targets in delay tasks (Gnadt et al 1991;White et al 1994), target windows were 10 deg horizontally by 20 deg vertically and fixation windows were 10×10 deg square. The same window sizes were used in all our tasks to keep conditions as similar as possible between experiments.…”

Section: Oculomotor Tasksmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Reversible inactivation of macaque frontal eye field

1997

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The macaque frontal eye field (FEF) is involved in the generation of saccadic eye movements and fixations. To better understand the role of the FEF, we reversibly inactivated a portion of it while a monkey made saccades and fixations in response to visual stimuli. Lidocaine was infused into a FEF and neural inactivation was monitored with a nearby microelectrode. We used two saccadic tasks. In the delay task, a target was presented and then extinguished, but the monkey was not allowed to make a saccade to its location until a cue to move was given. In the step task, the monkey was allowed to look at a target as soon as it appeared. During FEF inactivation, monkeys were severely impaired at making saccades to locations of extinguished contralateral targets in the delay task. They were similarly impaired at making saccades to locations of contralateral targets in the step task if the target was flashed for ≤100 ms, such that it was gone before the saccade was initiated. Deficits included increases in saccadic latency, increases in saccadic error, and increases in the frequency of trials in which a saccade was not made. We varied the initial fixation location and found that the impairment specifically affected contraversive saccades rather than affecting all saccades made into head-centered contralateral space. Monkeys were impaired only slightly at making saccades to contralateral targets in the step task if the target duration was 1000 ms, such that the target was present during the saccade: latency increased, but increases in saccadic error were mild and increases in the frequency of trials in which a saccade was not made were insignificant. During FEF inactivation there usually was a direct correlation between the latency and the error of saccades made in response to contralateral targets. In the delay task, FEF inactivation increased the frequency of making premature saccades to ipsilateral targets. FEF inactivation had inconsistent and mild effects on saccadic peak velocity. FEF inactivation caused impairments in the ability to fixate lights steadily in contralateral space. FEF inactivation always caused an ipsiversive deviation of the eyes in darkness. In summary, our results suggest that the FEF plays major roles in (1) generating contraversive saccades to locations of extinguished or flashed targets, (2) maintaining contralateral fixations, and (3) suppressing inappropriate ipsiversive saccades.

show abstract

Section: Results From Central Fixationmentioning

confidence: 77%

Section: Results From Central Fixationmentioning

confidence: 94%

Section: Oculomotor Tasksmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Reversible inactivation of macaque frontal eye field

1997

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Because there is an upward drift and inherent inaccuracy for saccades made in darkness to locations of extinguished targets in delay tasks White et al 1994), windows around target LEDs had to be relatively large (10°horizontally, 20°verti- Step task. After the start of fixation, the fixation LED (Fix) disappeared, there was a brief gap, and a target LED (Targ) was lit.…”

Section: Oculomotor Tasksmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reversible inactivation of macaque dorsomedial frontal cortex: effects on saccades and fixations

Sommer

Tehovnik

1999

Experimental Brain Research

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Neural recording and electrical stimulation results suggest that the dorsomedial frontal cortex (DMFC) of macaque is involved in oculomotor behavior. We reversibly inactivated the DMFC using lidocaine and examined how saccadic eye movements and fixations were affected. The inactivation methods and monkeys were the same as those used in a previous study of the frontal eye field (FEF), another frontal oculomotor region. In the first stage of the present study, monkeys performed tasks that required the generation of single saccades and fixations. During 15 DMFC inactivations, we found only mild, infrequent deficits. This contrasts with our prior finding that FEF inactivation causes severe, reliable deficits in performance of these tasks. In the second stage of the study, we investigated whether DMFC inactivation affected behavior when a monkey was required to make more than one saccade and fixation. We used a double-step task: two targets were flashed in rapid succession and the monkey had to make two saccades to foveate the target locations. In each of five experiments, DMFC inactivation caused a moderate, significant deficit. Both ipsi-and contraversive saccades were disrupted. In two experiments, the first saccades were made to the wrong place and had increased latencies. In one experiment, first saccades were unaffected, but second saccades were made to the wrong place and had increased latencies. In the remaining two experiments, specific reasons for the deficit were not detected. Saline infusions into DMFC had no effect. Inactivation of FEF caused a larger double-step deficit than did inactivation of DMFC. The FEF inactivation impaired contraversive first or second saccades of the sequence. In conclusion, our results suggest that the DMFC makes an important contribution to generating sequential saccades and fixations but not single saccades and fixations. Compared with the FEF, the DMFC has a weaker, less directional, more task-dependent oculomotor influence. Key words Saccadic eye movements · Fixations · Dorsomedial frontal cortex · Supplementary eye field · Frontal eye field · Reversible inactivation IntroductionThe oculomotor properties of cortex near the frontal midline of macaque were first examined in detail by Schlag and Schlag-Rey (1987). They named this region the supplementary eye field. We and others (Mann et al. 1988;Bon and Lucchetti 1992;Heinen 1995) use the anatomical designation, dorsomedial frontal cortex (DMFC) (issues of nomenclature are reviewed by Tehovnik 1995 andSchall 1997). Regardless of terminology, the areas near the frontal midline that have been studied by oculomotor physiologists overlap with one another (Fig. 1A; for a more detailed comparison see Tehovnik 1995). The experiments of this report were specifically carried out on the DMFC as mapped using electrical stimulation (Tehovnik and Lee 1993; see Fig. 1A); this defines an area that includes large portions of the regions examined by other investigators.In this report, we focus on the contribution of the macaque DMFC ...

show abstract

“…In both the antisaccade and the memory-guided saccade task, there is no visual stimulus at the location of the saccade goal, and behavioral data show longer reaction times and reduced accuracy compared to prosaccades (e.g., Gnadt et al 1991;Krappmann et al 1998;White et al 1994). These facts suggest that the degree of activation at the goal location of antisaccades and memory-guided saccades may be reduced compared to prosaccades.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distractor effects on saccade trajectories: a comparison of prosaccades, antisaccades, and memory-guided saccades

2007

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The present study investigated the contribution of the presence of a visual signal at the saccade goal on saccade trajectory deviations and measured distractor-related inhibition as indicated by deviation away from an irrelevant distractor. Performance in a prosaccade task where a visual target was present at the saccade goal was compared to performance in an anti-and memory-guided saccade task. In the latter two tasks no visual signal is present at the location of the saccade goal. It was hypothesized that if saccade deviation can be ultimately explained in terms of relative activation levels between the saccade goal location and distractor locations, the absence of a visual stimulus at the goal location will increase the competition evoked by the distractor and aVect saccade deviations. The results of Experiment 1 showed that saccade deviation away from a distractor varied signiWcantly depending on whether a visual target was presented at the saccade goal or not: when no visual target was presented, saccade deviation away from a distractor was increased compared to when the visual target was present. The results of Experiments 2-4 showed that saccade deviation did not systematically change as a function of time since the oVset of the target.Moreover, Experiments 3 and 4 revealed that the disappearance of the target immediately increased the eVect of a distractor on saccade deviations, suggesting that activation at the target location decays very rapidly once the visual signal has disappeared from the display.

show abstract

Saccades to remembered target locations: an analysis of systematic and variable errors

Cited by 209 publications

References 30 publications

Reversible inactivation of macaque frontal eye field

Reversible inactivation of macaque frontal eye field

Reversible inactivation of macaque dorsomedial frontal cortex: effects on saccades and fixations

Distractor effects on saccade trajectories: a comparison of prosaccades, antisaccades, and memory-guided saccades

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About