Saccades in children

Salman, Michael S.; Sharpe, James; Eizenman, Moshe; Lillakas, Linda; Westall, Carol A.; To, Teresa; Dennis, Maureen; Steinbach, Martin J.

doi:10.1016/j.visres.2005.06.011

Cited by 75 publications

(51 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…However, qualitatively we can note that upward saccades have a lower gain than downward saccades. These results are in agreement with the study of Salman et al (2006) also showing hypometric vertical saccades for targets 5 or 10°, as well as the study in young adults of Yang and Kapoula (2008) which show for target at 10° no difference in accuracy in up or down saccades, but a difference for target at 15° of eccentricity. It therefore appears that the anisotropy in the accuracy of saccades is present only for large saccades amplitude.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Up/down anisotropies of vertical saccades in healthy children depending on the mode and the depth of execution

Gaertner¹,

Wiener-Vacher

Kapoula³

2016

Intl J of Devlp Neuroscience

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While the overall development of saccades in children has recently gained increasing interest, the precise characteristics of vertical saccades remain understudied. The few adult studies existing showed up/down anisotropies on various parameters. This study focuses on the development of vertical saccades and their interaction with vergence movements, according to the mode of initiation of the saccades (automatic and controlled). Eighty six children (9.57±3.15years) performed vertical saccades with an eccentricity of 7.5°, at 40cm and at 150cm viewing distance, in a gap paradigm - automatic saccades - and in an overlap paradigm - more voluntary or controlled saccades. Task and direction effects: latency was overall longer in the overlap than in the gap task, duration was longer for upward than downward saccades, conjugate vertical drift was larger after upward than downward saccades, horizontal vergence was higher during and after downward than upward saccades. Age effects: For upward saccades, amplitude, mean and peak velocity of upward saccades increased with age, while the vertical conjugate drift after downward saccades at far distance decreased with age; for downward saccades in the overlap task, the horizontal convergence increased with age concomitantly with an increase of the duration. The results are discussed in the context of hypothetical differential circuits of automatic and controlled saccades maturing progressively in children and interacting with direction (up/down). We suggest that the up/down asymmetries, more pronounced in the overlap task, are built progressively in mutual interaction with a perceptive peripheral bias, up being perceived as far and down as near.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Up/down anisotropies of vertical saccades in healthy children depending on the mode and the depth of execution

Gaertner¹,

Wiener-Vacher

Kapoula³

2016

Intl J of Devlp Neuroscience

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“…For example, there is some evidence that young children have difficulty moving their eyes as rapidly and accurately as older children and adults (for a review, see Luna & Velanova, 2011). For example, there is considerable evidence using relatively simple oculomotor tasks (e.g., moving the eyes to visual targets) that, relative to adults, children are slower at programming saccades (Cohen & Ross, 1977, 1978; Groll & Ross, 1982; Klein & Foerster, 2001; Kowler & Martins, 1982; Miller, 1969) but exhibit equally rapid saccade velocities (Fukushima, Hatta, & Fukushima, 2000; Salman et al, 2006). By this second account, therefore, the causal arrow goes from the development of adult-like eye-movement behavior to increasingly adult-like reading skill; that is, increasingly skilled eye-movement behavior (e.g., targeting saccades towards the centers of words) contributes to more efficient reading.…”

Section: Eye Movements In Children Vs Adultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Using E-Z Reader to examine the concurrent development of eye-movement control and reading skill

Reichle

Liversedge

Drieghe

et al. 2013

Developmental Review

123

114

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Compared to skilled adult readers, children typically make more fixations that are longer in duration, shorter saccades, and more regressions, thus reading more slowly (Blythe & Joseph, 2011). Recent attempts to understand the reasons for these differences have discovered some similarities (e.g., children and adults target their saccades similarly; Joseph, Liversedge, Blythe, White, & Rayner, 2009) and some differences (e.g., children’s fixation durations are more affected by lexical variables; Blythe, Liversedge, Joseph, White, & Rayner, 2009) that have yet to be explained. In this article, the E-Z Reader model of eye-movement control in reading (Reichle, 2011; Reichle, Pollatsek, Fisher, & Rayner, 1998) is used to simulate various eye-movement phenomena in adults vs. children in order to evaluate hypotheses about the concurrent development of reading skill and eye-movement behavior. These simulations suggest that the primary difference between children and adults is their rate of lexical processing, and that different rates of (post-lexical) language processing may also contribute to some phenomena (e.g., children’s slower detection of semantic anomalies; Joseph et al., 2008). The theoretical implications of this hypothesis are discussed, including possible alternative accounts of these developmental changes, how reading skill and eye movements change across the entire lifespan (e.g., college-aged vs. older readers), and individual differences in reading ability.

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“…Saccadic main sequences have been studied in typically developing children e.g. and atypical children, e.g. but we are not aware of any study investigating these in children with delayed reading.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%