SABER Observation of Storm‐Time Hemispheric Asymmetry in Nitric Oxide Radiative Emission

Bag, Tikemani; Li, Z.; Rout, Diptiranjan

doi:10.1029/2020ja028849

Cited by 11 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…The NO and CO 2 radiative cooling emissions strongly react to the energy deposition into M-I system during space weather events (Mlynczak et al, 2003;Knipp et al, 2013;Knipp et al, 2017;Bag 2018;Bag et al, 2021). It is due to their strong dependence on the abundance of NO (CO 2 ), atomic oxygen and kinetic temperature (Houghton, 1970;Kockarts, 1980;Mlynczak et al, 2003).…”

Section: Interpretation and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distinctive response of thermospheric cooling to ICME and CIR-driven geomagnetic storms

Bag

Rout

Ogawa

et al. 2023

Front. Astron. Space Sci.

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The temporal response of thermospheric CO2 and NO cooling emissions is investigated during ICME and CIR-driven geomagnetic storms by using data from the SABER instrument onboard the TIMED, GRACE, and DMSP satellites. The superposed epoch analysis reveals that the cooling emissions experience a strong enhancement and quick recovery to pre-event value within 3–4 days during CME storms. Whereas, it shows slower recovery that lasts for more than 6–7 days during CIR-driven storms. We performed detailed study of NO cooling emission owing to the fact that the production of NO depends on the external energy input. The different response of thermospheric NO cooling during CME and CIR storms can be attributed to differences in precipitation of particle (electron and ion) fluxes. A strong correlation with a positive timelag is observed between NO cooling emission and Dst index, coupling functions and particle flux. Further, the correlation between NO cooling flux and particle flux displays a distinct and stronger correlation during CIR storms as compared to CME. This study also shows that the Newell coupling function (normalized cross-correlation, r = 0.90 for CME and r = 0.92 for CIR) and the Akasofu parameter (r = 0.92 for CME, r = 0.76 for CIR) are better correlated with NO cooling flux, respectively, during CIR- and ICME-driven storms.

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Section: Interpretation and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distinctive response of thermospheric cooling to ICME and CIR-driven geomagnetic storms

Bag

Rout

Ogawa

et al. 2023

Front. Astron. Space Sci.

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“…SABER collects 24 h of data every 60-65 days [14,44], covering 15 longitude bands each day, and measures radiance (W/m 2 /sr) within the tangent height range of approximately 20 to 400 km with a vertical resolution of 2 km [49]. It measures 10 emissions, including two primary coolants, NO 5.3 µm and CO 2 15 µm [23,36,50], and measuring radiance. During the aurora period reported here, we used SABER version 2.0 data about NO 5.3 µm during 18-23 November 2003.…”

Section: Nitric Oxide Infrared Radiative Emissionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In-depth analyses conducted by Mlynczak et al [14,15] on the enhanced NO 5.3 µm infrared radiation detected by SABER in April 2002 provide a basis for studying the infrared response of thermosphere to strong disturbance events. More recently, Bag et al [36] and Li et al [37] investigated the asymmetry of NO 5.3 µm radiance between the Northern and Southern hemispheres and its correlation with various factors. Bag et al [38] analyzed SABER radiation data to investigate the latitudinal and longitudinal variations in cooling rates at the NO 5.3 µm during the unusual disturbance period in 21-22 January 2005, and examined how radiation cooling rates responded to the anomalous event.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatial and Temporal Variation Patterns of NO 5.3 µm Infrared Radiation during Two Consecutive Auroral Disturbances

Wu,

Dai,

Chen

et al. 2024

Remote Sensing

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The variation in key parameters of the solar–terrestrial space during two consecutive auroral disturbances (the magnetic storm index, Dst index = −422 nT) that occurred during the 18–23 November 2003 period was analyzed in this paper, as well as the spatiotemporal characteristics of NO 5.3 μm radiation with an altitude around the location of 55°N 160°W. The altitude was divided into four regions (50–100 km, 100–150 km, 150–200 km, and 200–250 km), and it was found that the greatest amplification occurs at the altitude of 200–250 km. However, the radiance reached a maximum of 3.38 × 10−3 W/m2/sr at the altitude of 123 km during the aurora event, which was approximately 10 times higher than the usual value during “quiet periods”. Based on these findings, the spatiotemporal variations in NO 5.3 μm radiance within the range of latitude 51°S–83°N and longitude of 60°W–160°W were analyzed at 120 km, revealing an asymmetry between the northern and southern hemispheres during the recovery period. Additionally, the recovery was also influenced by the superposition of a second auroral event. The data used in this study were obtained from the OMNI database and the SABER (Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry) infrared radiometer onboard the TIMED (Thermosphere-Ionosphere-Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics) satellite. Finally, the correlation of NO 5.3 μm radiance at 120 km with temperature, solar wind speed, auroral electrojet index (AE index), and Dst index were analyzed. It was found that only the Dst index had a good correlation with the radiance value. Furthermore, the correlation between the Dst index and radiance at different altitudes was also analyzed, and the highest correlation was found at 170 km.

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“…The effectiveness of the NO cooling emission and its relation with Joule heating rate still remains elusive. Since the NO 5.3 μm cooling emission controls the thermospheric temperature and density during geomagnetic active periods and accounts for about 80% of Joule heating energy (Lu et al, 2010) and also dissipates significant amount of energy (Bag, 2018a(Bag, , 2018bBag et al, 2020Bag et al, , 2023aBag et al, , 2023bMlynczak et al, 2003), the plan of the present study is to examine the temporal response of NO cooling emission to the Joule heating rate during magnetic active periods by utilizing the EISCAT incoherent scatter radar measurements and TIMED/SABER observations. This study is divided into four sections.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Response Time of Joule Heating Rate and Nitric Oxide Cooling Emission During Geomagnetic Storms: Correlated Ground‐Based and Satellite Observations

Bag,

Ogawa

2024

JGR Space Physics

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Joule heating is the primary source of the high latitude thermospheric energy dissipation during geomagnetic storm period. The nitric oxide (NO) emission at 5.3 μm accounts for the majority of Joule heating energy due to its radiative nature. It is the dominating cooling agent above 100 km that effectively regulates the thermospheric temperature. We studied the relationship between the response time of NO cooling emission and Joule heating rate during geomagnetic storm periods by using the NO emission observations by Sounding of Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry (SABER) onboard NASA’s Thermosphere‐Ionosphere‐Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics (TIMED) satellite and the Joule heating rate measured by the European incoherent scatter (EISCAT) radar over Tromsø (geographic:69.59°N, 19.22°E), Norway, and the thermosphere‐ionosphere‐electrodynamics general circulation model (TIEGCM) simulation. We selected seven geomagnetic storms during which there were continuous measurements of the Pederson conductivity and electric fields when the TIMED/SABER satellite was in the northview mode. The TIEGCM gives a fair description of NO cooling. However, it was found that the Joule heating rates obtained with the TIEGCM often do not show good agreement with those from EISCAT observations. The Joule heating rate peaks with 3–7 hr of storm' onset. The NO cooling flux takes longer time to respond to the energy input during storm period. The fastest response of the NO cooling emission to the Joule heating rate is found during the strongest storm. The weakest storm does not have the longest response time. No correlation between the response time of NO cooling flux with respect to the Joule heating rate and storm’s intensity was observed.

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SABER Observation of Storm‐Time Hemispheric Asymmetry in Nitric Oxide Radiative Emission

Cited by 11 publications

References 56 publications

Distinctive response of thermospheric cooling to ICME and CIR-driven geomagnetic storms

Distinctive response of thermospheric cooling to ICME and CIR-driven geomagnetic storms

Spatial and Temporal Variation Patterns of NO 5.3 µm Infrared Radiation during Two Consecutive Auroral Disturbances

Response Time of Joule Heating Rate and Nitric Oxide Cooling Emission During Geomagnetic Storms: Correlated Ground‐Based and Satellite Observations

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