“…Furthermore, our results demonstrating an AMPA-mediated role in plasticity and BDNF changes perhaps should not be too surprising given that activation particularly of the non-NMDA receptors (AMPA and Kainate) result in an increased expression of neurotrophic factors, including BDNF (Zafra et al, 1990(Zafra et al, , 1992, while reciprocally BDNF via the TrkB receptor can increase the expression levels of AMPA receptors (Narisawa-Saito et al, 2002) which can enhance glutamatergic transmission in hippocampal cells (Lessmann et al, 1994;Levine et al, 1998). It is also known that the kinetics of AMPA-mediated BDNF activation are consistent with the known properties of AMPA receptors (Arai et al, 1996(Arai et al, , 2002Lockhart et al, 2007). In addition, sub-chronic administration of CX691 (an AMPA modulator) has been shown to elevate BDNF mRNA expression in both the whole and CA1 sub-region of the hippocampus (Woolley et al, 2009), while administration of another AMPA modulator (S18986) has been shown to enhance AMPA-mediated BDNF mRNA and protein expression in rat primary cortical neuronal cultures (Lockhart et al, 2007).…”