“…7 Electrocatalysts usually consist of noble metals, and their high cost, scarcity and poor long-term stability make them unsuitable for commercial purposes. [8][9][10][11] Although several other electrocatalysts have been developed, their structural stability, internal voltage loss, low electrical conductivity, and cost are a big hindrance to their practical application at the industrial level. 12 Efficient electrocatalysts exhibit high electrical conductivity, large specic surface area, structural stability, low Gibbs free energy, rich surface chemistry, and more active sites.…”