S‐100 protein in amniotic fluid of anencephalic fetuses

Sindic, Christian; Freund, M.; Regemorter, N. Van; Verellen-Dumoulin, Ch.; Masson, Pierre

doi:10.1002/pd.1970040409

Cited by 23 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…High S100B levels are also found in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with multiple sclerosis during the acute phase of exacerbation [384] and in bacterial meningitis [385]. Moreover, elevated S100B levels in amniotic fluid correlate positively with the occurrence of central nervous system malformations and damage [386] and are found in trisomy 21-complicated pregnancies [387,388]. Lastly, as mentioned earlier serum levels of S100B are of prognostic value in patients with cutaneous melanoma [105] and breast cancer [132].…”

Section: S100 Proteins As Disease Markersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Functions of S100 Proteins

Donato¹,

Cannon²,

Sorci³

et al. 2013

Current Molecular Medicine

1,071

709

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The S100 protein family consists of 24 members functionally distributed into three main subgroups: those that only exert intracellular regulatory effects, those with intracellular and extracellular functions and those which mainly exert extracellular regulatory effects. S100 proteins are only expressed in vertebrates and show cell-specific expression patterns. In some instances, a particular S100 protein can be induced in pathological circumstances in a cell type that does not express it in normal physiological conditions. Within cells, S100 proteins are involved in aspects of regulation of proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, Ca2+ homeostasis, energy metabolism, inflammation and migration/invasion through interactions with a variety of target proteins including enzymes, cytoskeletal subunits, receptors, transcription factors and nucleic acids. Some S100 proteins are secreted or released and regulate cell functions in an autocrine and paracrine manner via activation of surface receptors (e.g. the receptor for advanced glycation end-products and toll-like receptor 4), G-protein-coupled receptors, scavenger receptors, or heparan sulfate proteoglycans and N-glycans. Extracellular S100A4 and S100B also interact with epidermal growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor, respectively, thereby enhancing the activity of the corresponding receptors. Thus, extracellular S100 proteins exert regulatory activities on monocytes/macrophages/microglia, neutrophils, lymphocytes, mast cells, articular chondrocytes, endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells, neurons, astrocytes, Schwann cells, epithelial cells, myoblasts and cardiomyocytes, thereby participating in innate and adaptive immune responses, cell migration and chemotaxis, tissue development and repair, and leukocyte and tumor cell invasion.

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Section: S100 Proteins As Disease Markersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Functions of S100 Proteins

Donato¹,

Cannon²,

Sorci³

et al. 2013

Current Molecular Medicine

1,071

709

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

Section: S100b In Perinatal Medicinementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Elevated concentrations of S100B in amniotic fluid of anencephalic and/or neural tube defect fetuses were found to correlate with the occurrence of CNS malformations and damage (Sindic et al 1984). Later, the presence of this protein was examined in the amniotic fluid of mono/ biamniotic twins with the aim of exploring a physiological, and possibly neurotrophic, role for S100B during human development.…”

Section: S100b In Perinatal Medicinementioning

confidence: 99%

The S100B protein in biological fluids: more than a lifelong biomarker of brain distress

Michetti

Corvino

Geloso

et al. 2012

Journal of Neurochemistry

202

144

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The S100B protein was identified in the mid-1960s as a protein fraction which -on the basis of chromatographic and electrophoretic methods available at that time -was detectable in the brain but not in non-neural extracts, and was named S100 because of its solubility in a 100% saturated solution with ammonium sulphate (Moore 1965). At present, owing to the discovery of a series of proteins exhibiting structural similarities, the term S100 is used to embrace a multigenic family of mostly dimeric calcium-binding proteins comprising more than 20 members with different degrees of homology to each other at the amino acid level, and representing the largest subgroup within the EF-hand superfamily. The genes encoding the majority of human S100 proteins are organized in a cluster within the chromosomal region 1q21, while some genes coding individual S100 proteins are located in other chromosomal regions, including 21q22 where, in particular, the gene for the S100B protein is located. Each monomer is approximately 10-12 kDa and is characterized by two calcium-binding regions, each comprising two alpha helices with an intervening calcium-binding loop forming a conserved pentagonal arrangement around the calcium ion (EF-hand motif).The binding of calcium to EF-hand domains triggers conformational changes that allow interactions with other proteins, so Abstract S100B is a calcium-binding protein concentrated in glial cells, although it has also been detected in definite extra-neural cell types. Its biological role is still debated. When secreted, S100B is believed to have paracrine/autocrine trophic effects at physiological concentrations, but toxic effects at higher concentrations. Elevated S100B levels in biological fluids (CSF, blood, urine, saliva, amniotic fluid) are thus regarded as a biomarker of pathological conditions, including perinatal brain distress, acute brain injury, brain tumors, neuroinflammatory/neurodegenerative disorders, psychiatric disorders. In the majority of these conditions, high S100B levels offer an indicator of cell damage when standard diagnostic procedures are still silent. The key question remains as to whether S100B is merely leaked from injured cells or is released in concomitance with both physiological and pathological conditions, participating at high concentrations in the events leading to cell injury. In this respect, S100B levels in biological fluids have been shown to increase in physiological conditions characterized by stressful physical and mental activity, suggesting that it may be physiologically regulated and raised during conditions of stress, with a putatively active role. This possibility makes this protein a candidate not only for a biomarker but also for a potential therapeutic target.

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“…Accordingly, some authors had reported studies of S100B levels in amniotic fluid of fetuses affected by neural tube defects (anencephaly, open spina biphida) and abdominal wall malformation (Sindic et al, 1984;Anneren et al, 1998). More recently, our group made the first study demonstrating that S100B level in amniotic fluid could be a potential tool for prenatal diagnosis of DS fetuses (Portela et al, 2000).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%