Rutting prediction models for flexible pavement structures: A review of historical and recent developments

A 3D-FE Model for the Rutting Prediction in Geogrid Reinforced Flexible Pavements

“…Only few FE studies applied plasticity model of Drucker-Prager for unbound layers combined with the simple creep law to model HMA in pavement structure [31,32].…”

Evaluation of Mode-I Fracture Toughness of Asphalt Mixtures with Symmetric Geometry Specimen at Intermediate Temperature

“…However, according to Rashadul Islam et al [ 7 ] and Rasol et al [ 8 ], existing pavements are no longer safe and comfortable, as they deteriorate over time, resulting in potholes, ruts, cracks, and other depressions. Similarly, Bevacqua et al [ 9 ] found that deterioration depends on water infiltration, weather conditions, repetitive traffic loading, stiffness gradients, construction problems, and the intrinsic and fracture properties of asphalt mixtures and pavement structures, which all clearly show the structural degradation of the pavement [ 4 , 7 , 8 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 ]. This occurs because asphalt is a viscoelastic material and its behavior depends on temperature, i.e., the binder becomes viscous as temperature increases; otherwise, the asphalt turns brittle and susceptible to cracking [ 19 ].…”

“…This occurs because asphalt is a viscoelastic material and its behavior depends on temperature, i.e., the binder becomes viscous as temperature increases; otherwise, the asphalt turns brittle and susceptible to cracking [ 19 ]. Therefore, cracking is one of the main deterioration mechanisms of asphalt pavements [ 20 ], thus when an asphalt layer has a crack on its surface, it is usually subjected to opening mode (Mode I) loading [ 21 ], in which fatigue cracking is induced by normal stresses [ 4 , 12 , 14 , 15 , 18 , 22 ]. Fatigue cracking can be identified by two mechanisms.…”

“…The first is bottom-up cracking (BUC), which propagates from the base layer to the surface and is caused by stresses and strains in the base layer. For the second mechanism, cracks initiate and propagate from the surface towards the base (top-down cracking, TDC) [ 4 , 9 , 12 , 14 , 15 , 18 , 23 , 24 ]; in this case, the mechanical properties of the mix change due to the daily or seasonal temperature gradient or vehicle passage over the asphalt layer [ 25 ].…”

“…In these environments, the material parameters are predefined under loading, temperature and mechanical conditions, showing the representation of the situations to which they may be exposed by minimizing the manufacturing of physical samples [ 56 ], proving to reach stress states with significant realism once they are conceived in three-dimensional environments. Furthermore, FEM models have been applied to analyze pavements [ 4 ], validated with data from experimental fracture tests [ 18 , 46 ], and the predicted responses are affected by geometric dimensions, material properties, and load types [ 4 ]. Chen et al [ 4 ] introduced pavement structure and boundary conditions into the simulation.…”