Ruthenium(ii) polypyridyl complexes as carriers for DNA delivery

Abstract

Two novel water soluble ruthenium(II) complexes [Ru(bpy)(2)(bqbg)](2+) and [Ru(phen)(2)(bqbg)](2+) have been structurally characterized and their DNA condensation activity, cytotoxicity, and cellular uptake studies of DNA condensates as potential non-viral DNA carriers were evaluated.

Synthesis, crystal structure and cytotoxicity studies of cis-dichloro(4,5-diazafluoren-9-one)platinum(II)

“…The electrophoretic mobility experiments were carried out by agarose gel electrophoresis [38][39][40] (11) photographed for analysis using the Alpha Innotech Gel documentation system (AlphaImager 2200).…”

Efficient DNA Condensation Induced by Ruthenium(II) Complexes of a Bipyridine‐Functionalized Molecular Clip Ligand

“…Mobility shift assays in the presence of the complexes showed that the plasmid DNA was maintained in the loading wells in the presence of complexes 1-4 ( Figure 3 and Figure S5 in the Supporting Information). [51,53] In our previous studies, we have observed DNA cleavage by similar ruthenium(II) complexes of bipyridineglycoluril (bpg), [83,84] specifically [RuA C H T U N G T R E N N U N G (bpg) 2 A C H T U N G T R E N N U N G (N-N)] 2 + , where N-N denotes a polypyridyl ligand. [37] The complex molecules probably bind to DNA through electrostatic/intercalation binding, and then the DNA-bound complexes of different strands self-associate through intermolecular p-p interactions between the bxbg ligands of the respective complexes.…”

“…The ligand bxbg was prepared by the literature procedure of Nolte et al [53,54,90,91] Precursor complexes of the type cis-[RuA C H T U N G T R E N N U N G (N-N) 2 Cl 2 ] were prepared according to a literature method. [92] Synthesis of bisA C H T U N G T R E N N U N G (o-xylene)bipyridine glycoluril (bxbg): This ligand was prepared according to the literature method, [51,53,54,91] but the separation process was modified as follows. The reaction mixture was poured into water (300 mL) and the product was extracted with chloroform (3 100 mL).…”

“…[25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34] For example, mononuclear [CoA C H T U N G T R E N N U N G (NH 3 ) 6 ] 3 + in very dilute aqueous solution is able to condense DNA into nanoparticles four times more efficiently than spermidine. [51] As part of a project aimed at systematic structural alteration with a view to elucidating structure-activity relationships, we report here the DNA binding, DNA condensation and cellular uptake of the DNA condensates, and cytotoxicity of a series of novel ruthenium(II) polypyridyl complexes of the type [RuA C H T U N G T R E N N U N G (bxbg) 2 A C H T U N G T R E N N U N G (N-N)] 2 + , where bxbg is a bipyridine-functionalized molecular clip receptor [52][53][54] and N-N are various polypyridyl ligands, specifically 2,2'-bipyridine (bpy) (1), 1,10-phenanthroline (phen) (2), dipyrido [3,2-d:2',3-f]quinoxaline (dpq) (3), and dipyrido[3,2a:2',3'-c]phenazine (dppz) (4) (Scheme 1). [25] Inert ruthenium(II) polypyridyl complexes have been extensively investigated because of their applications in the fields of photochemistry, photophysics, and biochemistry.…”

“…[51,53,54] These arrays, containing electrostatic binders as well as planar intercalator ligands at micromolar doses, rapidly condense free DNA into globular nanoparticles of various sizes. [51,53,54] These arrays, containing electrostatic binders as well as planar intercalator ligands at micromolar doses, rapidly condense free DNA into globular nanoparticles of various sizes.…”