Russian VX

Rembovskiy, Vladimir; Radilov, A. S.; Savelieva, Elena; Кузнецов, С. В.; Mindukshev, Igor; Prokofieva, D. S.; Krivorotova, Nadezhda; Khlebnikova, N. S.; Jenkins, Richard O.; Гончаров, Н. В.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-800159-2.00010-5

Cited by 6 publications

(2 citation statements)

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“…Toxicity depends on the nature of the nerve agent as well as the route of exposure. As shown in Table , estimated LCt 50 for inhalation in human can vary from 150−400 mg min/m 3 for tabun to 10–30 mg min/m 3 for VX. , Likewise, the estimated LD 50 for percutaneous exposure in human ranges from 24.3 mg/kg for sarin to 0.1 mg/kg for Russian VX. , …”

Section: Inhibition Of Acetylcholinesterase By Nerve Agents: Patholog...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The first of these agents, known as VX (Figure , VX), was synthesized in 1952 in the United Kingdom by British chemist Ranajit Ghosh. The agent, significantly more potent than sarin and soman and endowed with stronger percutaneous effects, was then passed on to the United States and Canada for further development. , Subsequently, the Soviet Union began development of compounds similar to the V agents, such as VR, which is also known as Russian VX or R-33 (Figure , VR) . Meanwhile, the United States developed a new generation of compounds known as intermediate volatility agents (IVA), an example of which is GV (Figure , GV). , …”

Section: Brief Historical Notes On the Development Of Nerve Agentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Nerve Agents: What They Are, How They Work, How to Counter Them

Costanzi¹,

Machado

Mitchell³

2018

ACS Chem. Neurosci.

181

113

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Nerve agents are organophosphorus chemical warfare agents that exert their action through the irreversible inhibition of acetylcholinesterase, with a consequent overstimulation of cholinergic transmission followed by its shutdown. Beyond warfare, they have notoriously been employed in acts of terrorism as well as high profile assassinations. After a brief historical introduction on the development and deployment of nerve agents, this review provides a survey of their chemistry, the way they affect cholinergic transmission, the available treatment options, and the current directions for their improvement. As the review illustrates, despite their merits, the currently available treatment options present several shortcomings. Current research directions involve the search for improved antidotes, antagonists of the nicotinic receptors, small-molecule pretreatment options, as well as bioscavengers as macromolecular pretreatment options. These efforts are making good progress in many different directions and, hopefully, will lead to a lower target susceptibility, thus reducing the appeal of nerve agents as chemical weapons.

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Section: Inhibition Of Acetylcholinesterase By Nerve Agents: Patholog...mentioning

confidence: 99%