Russian Norms for 500 General-Knowledge Questions

Martín-Luengo, Beatriz; Зинченко, Оксана; Alekseeva, Maria; Shtyrov, Yury

doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.545304

Cited by 5 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…Four hundred questions were used in the main experiment and two were used for practice. The questions were selected from a previously normed and validated database of questions ( Martín-Luengo et al, 2020 ). The GKQ covered different topics: history, chemistry, biology, literature, spelling and grammar, and geography.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…After that, one of the four possible social contexts was introduced and participants decided whether to report or withhold their answer in that specific context. We used a large amount of general-knowledge questions validated previously in a large participant sample ( Martín-Luengo et al, 2020 ) to ensure that each context had a similar amount of easy, intermediate, and difficult questions in a counterbalanced fashion.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Conversational pragmatics: memory reporting strategies in different social contexts

2023

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Previous studies in conversational pragmatics have showed that the information people share with others heavily depends on the confidence they have in the correctness of a candidate answer. At the same time, different social contexts prompt different incentive structures, which set a higher or lower confidence criterion to determine which potential answer to report. In this study, we investigated how the different incentive structures of several types of social contexts and how different levels of knowledge affect the amount of information we are willing to share. Participants answered easy, intermediate, and difficult general-knowledge questions and decided whether they would report or withhold their selected answer in different social contexts: formal vs. informal, that could be either constrained (a context that promotes providing only responses we are certain about) or loose (with an incentive structure that maximizes providing any type of answer). Overall, our results confirmed that social contexts are associated with different incentive structures which affects memory reporting strategies. We also found that the difficulty of the questions is an important factor in conversational pragmatics. Our results highlight the relevance of studying different incentive structures of social contexts to understand the underlying processes of conversational pragmatics, and stress the importance of considering metamemory theories of memory reporting.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Conversational pragmatics: memory reporting strategies in different social contexts

2023

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“…Yet, in spite of all this, general knowledge is still highly valued by individuals, and is usually regarded as one of the hallmarks of what we consider to be a "cultured person". Thus, it comes as no surprise that psychologists have remained interested in the acquisition and retainment of this type of data over the years (e.g., Bäckman and Lipinska, 1993;Murayama and Kuhbandner, 2011;Coane and Umanath, 2019) and that much effort has been invested into creating and updating scales as a means to measure a person's general knowledge (Duñabeitia et al, 2016;Nelson and Narens, 1980;Jalbert, Newman and Schwarz, 2019;Tauber, Dunlosky, Rawson, Rhodes and Sitzman, 2013;Martín-Luengo, Zinchenko, Alekseeva and Shtyrov, 2020).…”

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confidence: 99%

The thousand-question Spanish general knowledge database

Sitjar

Boada

Guasch

et al. 2021

Psicológica Journal

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General knowledge questionnaires have been ubiquitously used to study a wide variety of phenomena, such as illusory truth, error correction and tip-ofthe-tongue situations. However, their normings are highly restricted to the territory and the time period they in which they were obtained. This requires that new normings are obtained for each new territory in which they be used. Here, we present a new set of 1364 general knowledge questions normed for a Spanish population. The questions span a total of 37 different fields of knowledge and an extensive range of difficulty levels. They are formulated in a multiple-choice format, and pick rates for the correct answer as well as for the three incorrect response options are provided. We hope that a database of such size and flexibility will prove to be a useful research tool for the Spanish community.

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“…Yet, while much effort has been put into creating scales to measure an individual's general knowledge level-the most prominent ones being Nelson and Narens (1980) and Tauber et al (2013), but see also Duñabeitia et al (2016), Jalbert et al (2019) and Martín-Luengo et al (2020)-most of the research in which they have been employed has not focused on such constructs per se. Instead, these scales have mostly been utilized as a source of questions and statements in experiments studying phenomena such as illusory truth (Fazio et al, 2015), metacognition (Jackson & Greene, 2014;Weinstein & Roedinger, 2010) and error correction (Sitzman et al, 2014;Sitzman et al, 2015), as the wide range of topics they cover acts as an easy way to control for the influence of the content of the items.…”

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confidence: 99%

The predictors of general knowledge: Data from a Spanish megastudy

Buades-Sitjar

Boada²,

Guasch³

et al. 2021

Behav Res

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Studies on sociodemographic data and crystallized intelligence have often struggled to recruit enough participants to achieve sufficient validity. However, the advent of the internet now allows this problem to be solved through the creation of megastudies. Yet, this methodology so far has only been used in studies on vocabulary size, while general knowledge, another key component of crystallized intelligence, remains unexamined. In the present study, regression models were used to examine the impact of sociodemographic variables—gender, age, years of study and socioeconomic status—on general knowledge scores. The sample comprised 48,234 participants, each of whom answered 60 general knowledge questions, their data being fully available online. Men were found to score higher than women in general knowledge. Years of study and socioeconomic status acted as strong and weak positive predictors, respectively. Age acted as a strong positive predictor until the age of 50, where it became progressively detrimental. These results are discussed relative to other studies on crystallized intelligence, highlighting the need to study each of its components individually.

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Russian Norms for 500 General-Knowledge Questions

Cited by 5 publications

References 30 publications

Conversational pragmatics: memory reporting strategies in different social contexts

Conversational pragmatics: memory reporting strategies in different social contexts

The thousand-question Spanish general knowledge database

The predictors of general knowledge: Data from a Spanish megastudy

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