6 KEY STEPS AND ISSUES IN ERS IMPLEMENTATION iv 6.1 Computation for forecasted conditions 6.2 Task scheduling in a distributed computation system 6.3 Using trajectory sensitivity for determining optimal action amount 6.4 Coordination issues 7 CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORK 7.1 Contribution of this work 7.2 Future work 7.3 Conclusions APPENDIX A. ONTARIO HYDRO 4-GENERATOR SYSTEM DATA APPENDIX B. DEMONSTRATION SYSTEM TEST DATA REFERENCES 112 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 122 viii LIST OF TERMINOLOGY Action Logic: A set of remedial actions. This includes proper actions for each initiating event under each system operating condition. Action / Remedial Action: A switching or a control on the network executed by the system operator or automatic device to prevent the system failure resulting from the initiating event and post-initiating event. Emergency Bids: A price a load serving entity asks for having a certain amount of its load cut to meet power system emergency (system failure imminent) need. Event: One or a series of large disturbances happens to the power system, including system element failure and network switching.