Russia, the Straits, and Constantinople, 1914-15

Kerner, Robert J.

doi:10.1086/235488

Cited by 5 publications

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“…İki taraf da diğerinin teklife güçlü bir şekilde karşı çıkmasını umuyordu. İngiltere'den gelecek itiraza güvenen Fransa 8 Martta Boğazlar sorununda Rusya'nın isteklerine olumlu bakıldığı garantisini Petrograd'a verdi (Kerner 1929: 412, Bilsel 1998 Editions, 1989: 14). Yunanistan ile müttefikleri arasında, Yunanistan'ın Çanakkale Savaşına katılması için yapılan yazışmaların bir kısmı ele geçirilmişti.…”

Section: İstanbul Anlaşması: Türk Boğazları'na Yönelik Rus Taleplerinunclassified

I. Dünya Savaşı’nın İlk Gizli Anlaşması: İstanbul ve Boğazlar’ın Rus Çarlığı’na Bırakılması (Mart-Nisan 1915)

Köse¹

2019

Bilig

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Four secret agreements concerning partition of the Ottoman Empire, were signed during WWI. The first one was Istanbul Agreement, signed in between March and April 1915. Italy was signatory of the second; London Agreement which was signed a few days later. Sykes-Picot of May 1916 was signed by France and the United Kingdom. Having objected to Sykes Picot, Italy was the third signatory of the last agreement of Saint Jean de Maurienne of April 1917, promised her a larger part in the Ottoman Empire. Among these four secretly negotiated and signed agreements, subject matter of Istanbul Agreement was directly related with the status of Istanbul and Turkish Straits. After having occupied northern Black Sea in the late 18 th century, Tsarist Russia had a greater interest in the status of the Turkish Straights, in accordance with security and trade. Russia's desire for annexation of Turkish Straits and Istanbul at the beginning of the WWI, realized with Britain and France's consent. Exchange of aidemémoires during naval operations in the Dardanelles Campaign resulted at their consensus on Russia's annexation of Istanbul and Turkish Straits.

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Section: İstanbul Anlaşması: Türk Boğazları'na Yönelik Rus Taleplerinunclassified

I. Dünya Savaşı’nın İlk Gizli Anlaşması: İstanbul ve Boğazlar’ın Rus Çarlığı’na Bırakılması (Mart-Nisan 1915)

Köse¹

2019

Bilig

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“…44 59 Böylece Ruslar, St. Petersburg'a 10.500 km uzaklıktaki Vladivostok ve yılın büyük bir kısmında buzla kaplı olan kuzeydeki Archangel limanı dışında deniz iletişimini kaybetmişlerdir. 60 72 Ayrıca Birinci Dünya Savaşı'nın ilk aylarında İngiliz bahriye heyeti ve Limpos Paşa'nın pasif politikalarından 73 79 Sivastopol'da çeşitli çaplarda 80-100 batarya ile 30,5 cm'lik topların bulunduğu çok modern zırhlı bir kule mevcut iken beş zırhlı, iki muhrip ve çok sayıda yeni ve büyük torpidobot bulunuyor idi. 80 Novorosski limanında ise iki dalgakıran ve uzun rıhtımlarla birlikte büyük hacimde erzak, hububat ve petrol depoları mevcut iken 81 Odessa limanı üç tarafı rıhtım ve iskeleler ile 700,000 metre kare olup limanda ayrıca 4800 tonluk gemiler onarabilecek bir havuz da bulunmaktadır.…”

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Amiral Souchon’un donanma komutanı olması ve Rus limanlarının bombalanması (29 Ekim 1914)

Tuna¹

2014

OTAM(Ankara

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An evaluation of the process by which the Ottoman Empire entered the First World War reveals the role and importance of its fleet in entering the war. The confiscation to Sultan Osman and Reşadiye armored ships by the British had had an adverse effect on the Ottoman fleet. Despite this, the purchase of Yavuz dreadnought and Midilli battle cruiser and Rear Admiral Souchon, the commander of the Mediterranean fleet of Germany, taking over the command of the Ottoman fleet provided the Ottoman fleet with its power and the inclusion of Yavuz dreadnought and Midilli battle cruiser into the Ottoman fleet put the Ottoman fleet ahead of the Russian fleet in the Black Sea. The Russian fleet, meanwhile, patrolled along the Ottoman coasts in the Black Sea and tried to lay mines in the vicinity of Bosphorus. Consequently, the Ottoman fleet, consisting of a total of 11 warships, sailed to Black Sea on

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“…7 7 The control of the Straits and İstanbul was promised by Britain and France to Imperial Russia by the secret Constantinople Agreement of March 18, 1915 (see Kerner 1929; Smith 1965). Yet, even before the Bolshevik Revolution during the provisional government, Bolsheviks were critical of the other elements of the provisional government that argued for the possession of the Straits.…”

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Stalinâs Demands: Constructions of the âSoviet Otherâ in Turkeyâs Foreign Policy, 1919â1945

Coş¹,

Bilgin

2010

Foreign Policy Analysis

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Standard accounts on Turkey’s foreign policy identify Molotov’s communication of 1945 (better known as “Stalin’s demands”) as the catalyst behind Turkey’s post‐WWII decision to strain its relations with the USSR and turn to the United States (US) for defense support. The aim here is to complement these accounts which have stressed the military and ideological threat posed by the USSR as the catalyst behind Turkey’s foreign policy change, by offering an analysis that explores the conditions of possibility for such change. The aim here is not to question the seriousness of the risks involved in failing to stand firm against the USSR in the immediate post‐WWII period. Nor is it to dispute the appropriateness of Turkey’s search for “Western” allies at a time when its economic, political and military vulnerabilities were acknowledged by friend and foe alike. The following mediates through accounts that stress the military threat and those that emphasize the ideological threat and presents an analysis that looks into the production of representations of the USSR as a “threat” to Turkey and the context which allowed for the production of such representations of the USSR.

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Russia, the Straits, and Constantinople, 1914-15

Cited by 5 publications

References 0 publications

I. Dünya Savaşı’nın İlk Gizli Anlaşması: İstanbul ve Boğazlar’ın Rus Çarlığı’na Bırakılması (Mart-Nisan 1915)

I. Dünya Savaşı’nın İlk Gizli Anlaşması: İstanbul ve Boğazlar’ın Rus Çarlığı’na Bırakılması (Mart-Nisan 1915)

Amiral Souchon’un donanma komutanı olması ve Rus limanlarının bombalanması (29 Ekim 1914)

Stalinâs Demands: Constructions of the âSoviet Otherâ in Turkeyâs Foreign Policy, 1919â1945

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Russia, the Straits, and Constantinople, 1914-15

Cited by 5 publications

References 0 publications

I. Dünya Savaşı’nın İlk Gizli Anlaşması: İstanbul ve Boğazlar’ın Rus Çarlığı’na Bırakılması (Mart-Nisan 1915)

I. Dünya Savaşı’nın İlk Gizli Anlaşması: İstanbul ve Boğazlar’ın Rus Çarlığı’na Bırakılması (Mart-Nisan 1915)

Amiral Souchon’un donanma komutanı olması ve Rus limanlarının bombalanması (29 Ekim 1914)

Stalinâs Demands: Constructions of the âSoviet Otherâ in Turkeyâs Foreign Policy, 1919â1945

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Stalinâs Demands: Constructions of the âSoviet Otherâ in Turkeyâs Foreign Policy, 1919â1945