Russia's National Research Center for Hematology: its role in the development of blood banking

Huestis, Douglas W.

doi:10.1046/j.1525-1438.2002.00065.x

Cited by 6 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Under the leadership of Alexander Bogdanov in the 1920s, a nationwide network of blood transfusion centers and research institutes, as well as the Central Institute of Hematology in Moscow, Russia, in 1926, was established throughout the Soviet republics (61). This expanded into a network of ϳ1,500 blood donating centers across the republics (18). The Soviets also adopted blood storage and preservation techniques at an early stage.…”

Section: Figmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They established more than 60 primary and 500 subsidiary blood storage centers by the mid-1930s, which shipped blood across the entire Soviet Union (61). During the Second World War, these networks were swiftly readapted to support the front line; in Moscow alone, about 2,000 blood donations were given per day (18,61). The impressive scale of the blood service in the former Soviet Union is likely to have favored HCV transmission by increasing the efficiency and geographic range of the virus's dissemination.…”

Section: Figmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Origin and Evolution of the Unique Hepatitis C Virus Circulating Recombinant Form 2k/1b

Raghwani

Thomas

Koekkoek

et al. 2012

J Virol

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Since its initial identification in St. Petersburg, Russia, the recombinant hepatitis C virus (HCV) 2k/1b has been isolated from several countries throughout Eurasia. The 2k/1b strain is the only recombinant HCV to have spread widely, raising questions about the epidemiological background in which it first appeared. In order to further understand the circumstances by which HCV recombinants might be formed and spread, we estimated the date of the recombination event that generated the 2k/1b strain using a Bayesian phylogenetic approach. Our study incorporates newly isolated 2k/1b strains from Amsterdam, The Netherlands, and has employed a hierarchical Bayesian framework to combine information from different genomic regions. We estimate that 2k/1b originated sometime between 1923 and 1956, substantially before the first detection of the strain in 1999. The timescale and the geographic spread of 2k/1b suggest that it originated in the former Soviet Union at about the time that the world's first centralized national blood transfusion and storage service was being established. We also reconstructed the epidemic history of 2k/1b using coalescent theory-based methods, matching patterns previously reported for other epidemic HCV subtypes. This study demonstrates the practicality of jointly estimating dates of recombination from flanking regions of the breakpoint and further illustrates that rare genetic-exchange events can be particularly informative about the underlying epidemiological processes. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection presents a major global health burden, with the WHO estimating that 170 million chronic carriers are at risk of developing severe clinical outcomes such as cirrhosis and hepatic cellular carcinoma (56, 71). The virus belongs to the single-stranded positive-sense RNA virus family Flaviviridae and is characterized by considerable genetic diversity. HCV diversity is classified into six main genotypes (genotypes 1 to 6), each of which is further divided into numerous subtypes, and the virus exhibits nucleotide sequence divergences of 30 and 20% at the genotype and subtype levels, respectively (58). The high genomic heterogeneity of HCV is a result of both its high rate of evolution and its long-term association with human populations (60). Although there is no indication for a zoonotic virus reservoir, a related virus has recently been discovered in dogs (22).The greatest diversity of HCV is found in West and Central Africa and in Southeast Asia, where the virus appears to have persisted endemically for at least several centuries (49, 60). The current distribution of HCV genotypes and subtypes is geographically structured, reflecting differences in the rates and routes of transmission of the various subtypes and genotypes. Epidemic strains, exemplified by subtypes 1a, 1b, and 3a, are characterized by high prevalence, low genetic diversity, and a global distribution and are typically associated with transmission via infected blood products and injecting drug use (IDU) during the 20th century (13, 4...

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Section: Figmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Figmentioning

confidence: 99%

Origin and Evolution of the Unique Hepatitis C Virus Circulating Recombinant Form 2k/1b

Raghwani

Thomas

Koekkoek

et al. 2012

J Virol

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“…Stockpiled blood from cadavers, placentas, and donors were ‘canned’ and stored at nearly 600 blood storage centers throughout the Soviet Union (Starr 1999). The estimated emergence of 2k/1b in 1946 coincides temporally with the utilization of this blood bank network (Huestis 2002) and with the prolific expansion of subtype 1b from developed to developing nations (Kendrick 1964; Magiorkinis et al. 2009).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…2012). Notably, the rise in 2k/1b CRF transmission occurred while the Soviet Union was developing the earliest centralized blood donation system, when centers were surging in popularity (Huestis 2002). Moreover, the stabilization period of incidence (Volz et al.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hepatitis C virus genotype 1 and 2 recombinant genomes and the phylogeographic history of the 2k/1b lineage

et al. 2019

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Recombination is an important driver of genetic diversity, though it is relatively uncommon in hepatitis C virus (HCV). Recent investigation of sequence data acquired from HCV clinical trials produced twenty-one full-genome recombinant viruses belonging to three putative inter-subtype forms 2b/1a, 2b/1b, and 2k/1b. The 2k/1b chimera is the only known HCV circulating recombinant form (CRF), provoking interest in its genetic structure and origin. Discovered in Russia in 1999, 2k/1b cases have since been detected throughout the former Soviet Union, Western Europe, and North America. Although 2k/1b prevalence is highest in the Caucasus mountain region (i.e., Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia), the origin and migration patterns of CRF 2k/1b have remained obscure due to a paucity of available sequences. We assembled an alignment which spans the entire coding region of the HCV genome containing all available 2k/1b sequences (>500 nucleotides; n = 109) sampled in ninteen countries from public databases (102 individuals), additional newly sequenced genomic regions (from 48 of these 102 individuals), unpublished isolates with newly sequenced regions (5 additional individuals), and novel complete genomes (2 additional individuals) generated in this study. Analysis of this expanded dataset reconfirmed the monophyletic origin of 2k/1b with a recombination breakpoint at position 3,187 (95% confidence interval: 3,172–3,202; HCV GT1a reference strain H77). Phylogeography is a valuable tool used to reveal viral migration dynamics. Inference of the timed history of spread in a Bayesian framework identified Russia as the ancestral source of the CRF 2k/1b clade. Further, we found evidence for migration routes leading out of Russia to other former Soviet Republics or countries under the Soviet sphere of influence. These findings suggest an interplay between geopolitics and the historical spread of CRF 2k/1b.

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“…But it simmered on the back burner. Although there had been some work in Russia on transfusion during and after the First World War, it was Alexander Bogdanov who revived Russian interest in transfusion in the 1920s 6 and established an institute in Moscow devoted to it (1926) 7 . Oddly, there is no mention of Wolff in Bogdanov's major publications on blood transfusion 8…”

Section: Publication and Conflictmentioning

confidence: 99%

The first blood transfusion in Russia (1832)

Huestis

2004

Transfusion

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Russia's National Research Center for Hematology: its role in the development of blood banking

Cited by 6 publications

References 6 publications

Origin and Evolution of the Unique Hepatitis C Virus Circulating Recombinant Form 2k/1b

Origin and Evolution of the Unique Hepatitis C Virus Circulating Recombinant Form 2k/1b

Hepatitis C virus genotype 1 and 2 recombinant genomes and the phylogeographic history of the 2k/1b lineage

The first blood transfusion in Russia (1832)

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